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Developing drugs to attenuate succinate accumulation and oxidation 10.17863/CAM.36692 Prag, Hiran Ambelal Murphy, Michael Patrick Ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is caused by the re-introduction of oxygen to organs, following periods of reduced blood flow (ischaemia). Whilst re-establishing blood flow (reperfusion) to the heart following myocardial infarction is vital for organ survival, this paradoxically leads to tissue damage. Mitochondria are at the heart of IR injury, with succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) a major player in orchestrating the damage. Succinate accumulates during ischaemia and is rapidly oxidised by SDH upon reperfusion, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cellular death. I have investigated the development of drugs, aimed at targeting succinate metabolism to ameliorate IR injury. I firstly screened a range of compounds for their ability to inhibit SDH, having been chosen for their similar structures to succinate or the classical SDH inhibitor, malonate. Interestingly, only malonate and oxaloacetate showed potent SDH inhibition, thus were selected for further development. Malonate ester prodrugs with different properties were characterised. Hydrolysis rates of the esters differed greatly, with tuned, labile, malonate esters releasing malonate much more rapidly. Malonate esters were taken up into cells and hydrolysed to release malonate to different extents. Additionally, mitochondria-targetedmalonatemono and diesters were developed, each differing in mitochondrial and cellular uptake andmalonate release. Targeted and nontargeted malonate esters distributed into tissues in vivo, with preliminary in vivo work carried out on IR injury models, to assess for protective effects of the compounds. In addition, the physiological role of the tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolite, itaconate, was investigated. In lipopolysaccharide stimulated macrophages, itaconate has been reported to exert its effects by inhibition of SDH however, I found itaconate was a relatively poor SDH inhibitor, indicating other mechanisms of action. Current prodrugs of itaconate have many non-specific effects, not attributable to itaconate. I therefore characterised a novel itaconate prodrug and found it to be a much better surrogate, which could be subsequently used to elucidate roles for itaconate. Overall, I have shown the importance of ester selection for the prodrug delivery of dicarboxylate molecules and developed methods to improve their biological delivery. University of Cambridge 2019-04-27 Thesis Doctoral Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) en https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/289443 https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/bb68abef-1151-46b7-ba72-42473fe4a690/download 87eda9de84448d1f82354d60eee3eb5f https://apollo8-f-pro.lib.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/a076e605-d2e1-4320-b446-4de99a92c938/download 5e59b3c6c8a35535cbe6db455815fcc8 https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/ mitochondria ischaemia-reperfusion injury succinate dehydrogenase