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   <front>
      <journal-meta>
         <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nl</journal-id>
         <journal-id journal-id-type="coden">nalefd</journal-id>
         <journal-title-group>
            <journal-title>Nano Letters</journal-title>
            <abbrev-journal-title>Nano Lett.</abbrev-journal-title>
         </journal-title-group>
         <issn publication-format="print">1530-6984</issn>
         <issn publication-format="electronic">1530-6992</issn>
         <publisher>
            <publisher-name>American Chemical Society</publisher-name>
         </publisher>
         <self-uri xlink:type="simple">pubs.acs.org/NanoLett</self-uri>
      </journal-meta>
      <article-meta>
         <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c04324</article-id>
         <article-categories>
            <subj-group subj-group-type="document-type-name">
               <subject>Letter</subject>
            </subj-group>
         </article-categories>
         <title-group>
            <article-title>Balancing Molecular
Sensitization and Surface Passivation
in Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticle-Based Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids</article-title>
         </title-group>
         <contrib-group id="CONTRIB-GROUP-d14e22-autogenerated">
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath1" xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">7115745</contrib-id>
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5439-1409</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Jiang</surname>
                  <given-names>Zhao</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
               <xref rid="notes-2" ref-type="author-notes"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath2" xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">6663871</contrib-id>
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7812-1666</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Tew</surname>
                  <given-names>Alasdair</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
               <xref rid="notes-2" ref-type="author-notes"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath3" xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">7536428</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Li</surname>
                  <given-names>Xinjuan</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath4" xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">7828842</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Zhu</surname>
                  <given-names>Huangtianzhi</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath5" xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">4951406</contrib-id>
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0382-2408</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Deng</surname>
                  <given-names>Yunzhou</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath6" xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">526466</contrib-id>
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3366-6442</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Ducati</surname>
                  <given-names>Caterina</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author"
                     corresp="yes"
                     id="ath7"
                     xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">7115740</contrib-id>
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0941-3357</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Yu</surname>
                  <given-names>Zhongzheng</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp"/>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author"
                     corresp="yes"
                     id="ath8"
                     xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">1071888</contrib-id>
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4261-0766</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Rao</surname>
                  <given-names>Akshay</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="cor2" ref-type="corresp"/>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <aff id="aff1">
               <label>‡</label>
               <institution content-type="dept" xlink:type="simple">Cavendish
Laboratory</institution>, <institution-wrap>
                  <institution-id institution-id-type="Ringgold" specific-use="source:pplus">2152</institution-id>
                  <institution xlink:type="simple">University of Cambridge</institution>
               </institution-wrap>, <city>Cambridge</city>
               <postal-code>CB3 0HE</postal-code>, <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff2">
               <label>§</label>
               <institution content-type="dept" xlink:type="simple">Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy</institution>, <institution-wrap>
                  <institution-id institution-id-type="Ringgold" specific-use="source:pplus">2152</institution-id>
                  <institution xlink:type="simple">University
of Cambridge</institution>
               </institution-wrap>, <city>Cambridge</city>
               <postal-code>CB3 0FS</postal-code>, <country country="GB">United
Kingdom</country>
            </aff>
         </contrib-group>
         <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
               <label>*</label>Email: <email xlink:type="simple">zy338@cam.ac.uk</email>.</corresp>
            <corresp id="cor2">
               <label>*</label>Email: <email xlink:type="simple">ar525@cam.ac.uk</email>.</corresp>
         </author-notes>
         <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
            <day>28</day>
            <month>10</month>
            <year>2025</year>
         </pub-date>
         <pub-date date-type="issue-pub">
            <day>12</day>
            <month>11</month>
            <year>2025</year>
         </pub-date>
         <volume>25</volume>
         <issue>45</issue>
         <fpage>16212</fpage>
         <lpage>16218</lpage>
         <supplementary-material xlink:href="nl5c04324_si_001.pdf"
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         <history>
            <date date-type="received">
               <day>25</day>
               <month>08</month>
               <year>2025</year>
            </date>
            <date date-type="accepted">
               <day>22</day>
               <month>10</month>
               <year>2025</year>
            </date>
            <date date-type="rev-recd">
               <day>08</day>
               <month>10</month>
               <year>2025</year>
            </date>
            <date date-type="asap">
               <day>28</day>
               <month>10</month>
               <year>2025</year>
            </date>
         </history>
         <permissions>
            <copyright-statement>© 2025 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society</copyright-statement>
            <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
            <copyright-holder>The Authors</copyright-holder>
            <ali:free_to_read content-type="AuthorChoicev2" start_date="2025-10-28"/>
            <license xlink:type="simple">
               <ali:license_ref content-type="ccby4_0" start_date="2025-10-28" specific-use="VOR">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
            </license>
         </permissions>
         <abstract>
            <p>Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles (LnNPs) are promising
for advanced
photonic applications due to their unique optical properties. However,
their practical implementation is hindered by surface quenching and
weak absorption. Surface passivation through core–shell architectures
is effective in mitigating quenching. However, it creates a fundamental
trade-off by impeding molecular sensitization via energy transfer
(ET) in the organic–inorganic hybrid systems. Here, we investigate
this trade-off by fabricating core–shell LnNPs with precisely
controlled shell thicknesses ranging from 0.8 to 3.0 nm. Surface passivation
yields enhancements in 290-fold upconversion intensity and 25-fold
downshifting intensity. Using 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid, we demonstrate
that ET efficiency exhibits a nonmonotonic dependence on the shell
thickness, with optimal performance achieved at a shell thickness
of ∼0.8 nm. Through steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic
studies, we elucidate the complex ET dynamics. Our findings reveal
the optimal shell thickness and answer whether no shell is the best
in this nanohybrid system.</p>
         </abstract>
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         </abstract>
         <kwd-group>
            <kwd>lanthanide-doped nanoparticle</kwd>
            <kwd>molecular sensitization</kwd>
            <kwd>surface passivation</kwd>
            <kwd>triplet energy transfer</kwd>
         </kwd-group>
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            <award-group id="fnd-1">
               <funding-source>
                  <institution-wrap>
                     <institution>UK Research and Innovation</institution>
                     <institution-id institution-id-type="doi">10.13039/100014013</institution-id>
                  </institution-wrap>
               </funding-source>
               <award-id>EP/X023133X/1</award-id>
            </award-group>
         </funding-group>
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            <award-group id="fnd-2">
               <funding-source>
                  <institution-wrap>
                     <institution>UK Research and Innovation</institution>
                     <institution-id institution-id-type="doi">10.13039/100014013</institution-id>
                  </institution-wrap>
               </funding-source>
               <award-id>EP/Y015584/1</award-id>
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