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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1002/(ISSN)1616-3028</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ADFM</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Functional Materials</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="en">Adv. Funct. Mater.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn publication-format="ppub">1616-301X</issn>
<issn publication-format="epub">1616-3028</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/adfm.202411556</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ADFM202411556</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="overline" xml:lang="en">
<subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading" xml:lang="en">
<subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Enhanced Photon Recycling Enables Efficient Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib id="adfm202411556-cr-0001" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cho</surname>
<given-names>Changsoon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="adfm202411556-aff-0001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="adfm202411556-aff-0002">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="adfm202411556-aff-0003">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="adfm202411556-cr-0002" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>Yuqi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="adfm202411556-aff-0001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="adfm202411556-cr-0003" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>You</surname>
<given-names>Jeonghwan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="adfm202411556-aff-0002">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="adfm202411556-cr-0004" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cui</surname>
<given-names>Lin‐Song</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="adfm202411556-aff-0004">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="adfm202411556-cr-0005" contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<name>
<surname>Greenham</surname>
<given-names>Neil C.</given-names>
</name>
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2155-2432</contrib-id>
<email>ncg11@cam.ac.uk</email>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="correspondenceTo">*</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="adfm202411556-aff-0001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="adfm202411556-aff-0001">
<label>
<sup>1</sup>
</label>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Cavendish Laboratory</named-content>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department of Physics</named-content>

<institution>University of Cambridge</institution>

<city>Cambridge</city>
 <postal-code>CB3 0HE</postal-code>
 <country country="GB">UK</country>

</aff>
<aff id="adfm202411556-aff-0002">
<label>
<sup>2</sup>
</label>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department of Material Science and Engineering</named-content>

<institution>Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)</institution>

<city>Pohang</city>
 <postal-code>37673</postal-code>
 <country country="KR">Republic of Korea</country>

</aff>
<aff id="adfm202411556-aff-0003">
<label>
<sup>3</sup>
</label>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology</named-content>

<institution>Yonsei University</institution>

<city>Seoul</city>
 <postal-code>03722</postal-code>
 <country country="KR">Republic of Korea</country>

</aff>
<aff id="adfm202411556-aff-0004">
<label>
<sup>4</sup>
</label>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry</named-content>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department of Polymer Science and Engineering</named-content>

<institution>University of Science and Technology of China</institution>

<city>Hefei</city>
 <postal-code>230026</postal-code>
 <country country="CN">China</country>

</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="correspondenceTo"><label>*</label>E‐mail: <email>ncg11@cam.ac.uk</email><break/></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date><elocation-id>2411556</elocation-id>
<history>

<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>04</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>

<date date-type="received">
<day>01</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>

</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement content-type="issue-copyright">© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH</copyright-statement>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Functional Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Functional Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH</copyright-holder>
<license>
<ali:license_ref>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution</ext-link> License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="en" abstract-type="main">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p xml:lang="en">Perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have recently experienced rapid growth in performance. While photon recycling, which involves the reemission of reabsorbed light, significantly boosts efficiency, PeLED structures are typically based on classical design principles, often overlooking photon recycling. Here, a practical strategy to maximize the benefit of the photon recycling effect in PeLEDs is demonstrated. Parasitic absorption in electrodes represents a significant loss that impedes the efficient recycling of photons in trapped modes. The design strategy is verified by improving the average electroluminescence quantum efficiencies from 19.5% to 22.0% in near‐infrared PeLEDs with thinner indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, ultimately achieving a champion efficiency of 23.9%. The effect of photon recycling is visualized by transient photoluminescence mapping. It is quantified computationally that the additional efficiency coming from photon recycling is doubled from 2.3% to 4.8% in the device by suppressing the relative loss in ITO from 39% to 13%. The strategies raise the theoretical upper bound efficiency of PeLEDs with a gold top electrode from 27% to 37% by boosting the photon recycling effect.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="en">
<kwd id="adfm202411556-kwd-0001">electroluminescence</kwd>
<kwd id="adfm202411556-kwd-0002">indium tin oxide</kwd>
<kwd id="adfm202411556-kwd-0003">near‐infrared perovskite light‐emitting diodes</kwd>
<kwd id="adfm202411556-kwd-0004">optical modeling</kwd>
<kwd id="adfm202411556-kwd-0005">parasitic absorption</kwd>
<kwd id="adfm202411556-kwd-0006">photon recycling</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="funding-0001">
<funding-source>

<institution-wrap>
<institution>National Research Foundation of Korea</institution>
<institution-id>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003725</institution-id>
</institution-wrap>

</funding-source>
<award-id>RS‐2024‐00337375</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="funding-0002">
<funding-source>

<institution-wrap>
<institution>Korea Basic Science Institute (National research Facilities and Equipment Center)</institution>
</institution-wrap>

</funding-source>
<award-id>RS‐2024‐00403574</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="funding-0003">
<funding-source>

<institution-wrap>
<institution>Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council</institution>
<institution-id>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266</institution-id>
</institution-wrap>

</funding-source>
<award-id>EP/S030638/1</award-id>
<award-id>EP/V06164X/1</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="funding-0004">
<funding-source>

<institution-wrap>
<institution>National Natural Science Foundation of China</institution>
<institution-id>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809</institution-id>
</institution-wrap>

</funding-source>
<award-id>52103242</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="6"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<page-count count="8"/>
<word-count count="6013"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
</article>