<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.2/JATS-archivearticle1.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.2" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><?properties open_access?><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">13130</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1007/13130.1029-8479</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of High Energy Physics</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">J. High Energ. Phys.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1029-8479</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Berlin/Heidelberg</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JHEP03(2024)051</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">22995</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="arxiv">2301.00549</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/JHEP03(2024)051</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Regular Article - Theoretical Physics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">UV and IR effects in axion quality control</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="Au1"><name><surname>Burgess</surname><given-names>C. P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="Au2"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8515-5586</contrib-id><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>Gongjun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="IDJHEP032024051_cor2">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="Au3"><name><surname>Quevedo</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ROR">https://ror.org/02fa3aq29</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.25073.33</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8227</institution-id><institution content-type="org-division">Department of Physics &amp; Astronomy</institution><institution content-type="org-name">McMaster University</institution></institution-wrap><addr-line content-type="street">1280 Main Street West</addr-line><addr-line content-type="city">Hamilton</addr-line><addr-line content-type="state">ON</addr-line><country country="CA">Canada</country></aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ROR">https://ror.org/013m0ej23</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.420198.6</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8658 0851</institution-id><institution content-type="org-name">Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics</institution></institution-wrap><addr-line content-type="street">31 Caroline Street North</addr-line><addr-line content-type="city">Waterloo</addr-line><addr-line content-type="state">ON</addr-line><country country="CA">Canada</country></aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.9132.9</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2156 142X</institution-id><institution content-type="org-name">CERN, Theoretical Physics Department</institution></institution-wrap><addr-line content-type="city">Genève 23</addr-line><country country="CH">Switzerland</country></aff><aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ROR">https://ror.org/013meh722</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5335.0</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2188 5934</institution-id><institution content-type="org-division">DAMTP</institution><institution content-type="org-name">University of Cambridge</institution></institution-wrap><addr-line content-type="street">Wilberforce Road</addr-line><addr-line content-type="postcode">CB3 0WA</addr-line><addr-line content-type="city">Cambridge</addr-line><country country="GB">UK</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="IDJHEP032024051_cor2"><label>b</label><email>choi0988@umn.edu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic"><day>8</day><month>3</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"><month>3</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>2024</volume><issue seq="51">3</issue><elocation-id>51</elocation-id><history><date date-type="registration"><day>8</day><month>3</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>1</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day><month>2</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="online"><day>8</day><month>3</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" ext-link-type="url">CC-BY 4.0</ext-link>), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1" xml:lang="en"><title>A<sc>bstract</sc></title><p id="Par1">Motivated by recent discussions and the absence of exact global symmetries in UV completions of gravity we re-examine the axion quality problem (and naturalness issues more generally) using antisymmetric Kalb-Ramond (KR) fields rather than their pseudoscalar duals, as suggested by string and higher dimensional theories. Two types of axions can be identified: a model independent <italic>S</italic>-type axion dual to a two form <italic>B</italic><sub><italic>μν</italic></sub> in 4D and a <italic>T</italic>-type axion coming directly as 4D scalar Kaluza-Klein (KK) components of higher-dimensional tensor fields. For <italic>T</italic>-type axions our conclusions largely agree with earlier workers for the axion quality problem, but we also reconcile why <italic>T</italic>-type axions can couple to matter localized on 3-branes with Planck suppressed strength even when the axion decay constants are of order the KK scale. For <italic>S</italic>-type axions, we review the duality between form fields and massive scalars and show how duality impacts naturalness arguments about the UV sensitivity of the scalar potential. In particular UV contributions on the KR side suppress contributions on the scalar side by powers of <italic>m/M</italic> with <italic>m</italic> the axion mass and <italic>M</italic> the UV scale. We re-examine how the axion quality problem is formulated on the dual side and compare to recent treatments. We study how axion quality is affected by the ubiquity of <italic>p</italic>-form gauge potentials (for both <italic>p</italic> = 2 and <italic>p</italic> = 3) in string vacua and identify two criteria that can potentially lead to a problem. We also show why most fields do not satisfy these criteria, but when they do the existence of multiple fields also provides mechanisms for resolving it. We conclude that the quality problem is easily evaded.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>K<sc>eywords</sc></title><kwd>Axions and ALPs</kwd><kwd>Gauge Symmetry</kwd><kwd>Global Symmetries</kwd><kwd>Higher Spin Symmetry</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>publisher-imprint-name</meta-name><meta-value>Springer</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>volume-issue-count</meta-name><meta-value>12</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-article-count</meta-name><meta-value>179</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-toc-levels</meta-name><meta-value>0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-pricelist-year</meta-name><meta-value>2024</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-holder</meta-name><meta-value>SISSA, Trieste, Italy</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-year</meta-name><meta-value>2021</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>article-contains-esm</meta-name><meta-value>No</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>article-numbering-style</meta-name><meta-value>ContentOnly</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>article-registration-date-year</meta-name><meta-value>2024</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>article-registration-date-month</meta-name><meta-value>3</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>article-registration-date-day</meta-name><meta-value>8</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>article-toc-levels</meta-name><meta-value>0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>toc-levels</meta-name><meta-value>0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>volume-type</meta-name><meta-value>Regular</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>journal-product</meta-name><meta-value>ArchiveJournal</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>numbering-style</meta-name><meta-value>Unnumbered</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>article-grants-type</meta-name><meta-value>OpenChoice</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>metadata-grant</meta-name><meta-value>OpenAccess</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>abstract-grant</meta-name><meta-value>OpenAccess</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>bodypdf-grant</meta-name><meta-value>OpenAccess</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>bodyhtml-grant</meta-name><meta-value>OpenAccess</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>bibliography-grant</meta-name><meta-value>OpenAccess</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>esm-grant</meta-name><meta-value>OpenAccess</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>online-first</meta-name><meta-value>false</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>pdf-file-reference</meta-name><meta-value>BodyRef/PDF/13130_2024_Article_22995.pdf</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>pdf-type</meta-name><meta-value>Typeset</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>target-type</meta-name><meta-value>OnlinePDF</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-online-date-year</meta-name><meta-value>2024</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-online-date-month</meta-name><meta-value>6</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-online-date-day</meta-name><meta-value>23</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-type</meta-name><meta-value>Regular</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>article-type</meta-name><meta-value>OriginalPaper</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>journal-subject-primary</meta-name><meta-value>Physics</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>journal-subject-secondary</meta-name><meta-value>Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>journal-subject-secondary</meta-name><meta-value>Quantum Field Theories, String Theory</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>journal-subject-secondary</meta-name><meta-value>Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>journal-subject-secondary</meta-name><meta-value>Quantum Physics</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>journal-subject-collection</meta-name><meta-value>Physics and Astronomy</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>open-access</meta-name><meta-value>true</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes notes-type="Misc"><p>A<sc>r</sc>X<sc>iv e</sc>P<sc>rint</sc>: 2301.00549</p></notes></front><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>We thank Philippe Brax and Junwu Huang for helpful conversations. 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