The ratio of branching ratios of the W boson to muons and electrons, RWμ/e=B(W→μν)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu /e}_W={{\mathcal {B}}(W\rightarrow \mu \nu )}$$\end{document}/B(W→eν)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\mathcal {B}}(W\rightarrow e\nu )}$$\end{document}, has been measured using 140fb-1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\text {T}\text {e}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\text {V}$$\end{document} collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, probing the universality of lepton couplings. The ratio is obtained from measurements of the tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t}$$\end{document} production cross-section in the ee, eμ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$e\mu $$\end{document} and μμ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu \mu $$\end{document} dilepton final states. To reduce systematic uncertainties, it is normalised by the square root of the corresponding ratio RZμμ/ee\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_Z$$\end{document} for the Z boson measured in inclusive Z→ee\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Z\rightarrow \mu \mu $$\end{document} events. By using the precise value of RZμμ/ee\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_Z$$\end{document} determined from e+e-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$e^+e^-$$\end{document} colliders, the ratio RWμ/e\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu /e}_W$$\end{document} is determined to be RWμ/e=0.9995±0.0022(stat)±0.0036(syst)±0.0014(ext).\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} R^{\,\mu /e}_W&= 0.9995\pm 0.0022\,\mathrm {(stat)}\,\pm 0.0036\,\mathrm {(syst)}\\ &\quad \pm 0.0014\,\mathrm {(ext)} . \end{aligned}$$\end{document}The three uncertainties correspond to data statistics, experimental systematics and the external measurement of RZμμ/ee\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_Z$$\end{document}, giving a total uncertainty of 0.0045, and confirming the Standard Model assumption of lepton flavour universality in W-boson decays at the 0.5% level.
publisher-imprint-nameSpringervolume-issue-count12issue-article-count1issue-toc-levels0issue-pricelist-year2024issue-copyright-holderEDP Sciences, Societa Italiana di Fisica (SIF) and Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE, part of Springer Natureissue-copyright-year2024article-contains-esmNoarticle-numbering-styleContentOnlyarticle-registration-date-year2024article-registration-date-month7article-registration-date-day3article-toc-levels0toc-levels0volume-typeRegularjournal-productNonStandardArchiveJournalnumbering-styleContentOnlyarticle-grants-typeOpenChoicemetadata-grantOpenAccessabstract-grantOpenAccessbodypdf-grantOpenAccessbodyhtml-grantOpenAccessbibliography-grantOpenAccessesm-grantOpenAccessonline-firstfalsepdf-file-referenceBodyRef/PDF/10052_2024_Article_13070.pdfpdf-typeTypesettarget-typeOnlinePDFissue-typeRegulararticle-typeOriginalPaperjournal-subject-primaryPhysicsjournal-subject-secondaryElementary Particles, Quantum Field Theoryjournal-subject-secondaryNuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadronsjournal-subject-secondaryQuantum Field Theories, String Theoryjournal-subject-secondaryMeasurement Science and Instrumentationjournal-subject-secondaryAstronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmologyjournal-subject-secondaryNuclear Energyjournal-subject-collectionPhysics and Astronomyopen-accesstrue
D.Hehir, M. Lokajicek: Deceased.
Introduction
The assumption of lepton flavour universality, i.e. that the couplings of the charged leptons e, μ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu $$\end{document} and τ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\tau $$\end{document} to the electroweak gauge bosons are independent of the lepton masses, is a key axiom of the Standard Model of particle physics. This assumption has been tested over a wide range of momentum transfers by studying ratios of partial decay widths (or equivalently, ratios of branching ratios) of various particles to electrons, muons and taus. After correction for mass, phase space and radiative effects, these ratios of decays into leptons of generations i and j are proportional to gi2/gj2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$g_i^2/g_j^2$$\end{document}, where gi\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$g_i$$\end{document} is the coupling of lepton i (=e\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$=e$$\end{document}, μ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\tau $$\end{document}). The equality of these couplings has been tested to the 0.1-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$-$$\end{document}0.2% level in decays of τ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\tau $$\end{document} leptons, π\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\pi $$\end{document} and K mesons (see for example Ref. [1]). More recently, hints of departures from lepton flavour universality at the level of a few standard deviations were seen in the so-called flavour anomalies in b-hadron decays, e.g. in the processes B→D(∗)τν\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$B\rightarrow D^{(*)}\tau \nu $$\end{document} vs. B→D(∗)ℓν\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$B\rightarrow D^{(*)}\ell \nu $$\end{document} (with ℓ=e\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell =e$$\end{document} or μ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu $$\end{document}) [2–7], and in the loop-induced process b→sℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$b\rightarrow s\ell \ell $$\end{document}. However, the latest measurement of b→sℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$B\rightarrow K^{(*)}\mu ^+\mu ^-$$\end{document} vs. B→K(∗)e+e-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$B\rightarrow K^{(*)}e^+e^-$$\end{document} decays from the LHCb collaboration is in agreement with lepton flavour universality [8], and definitive conclusions have yet to be established.
At high momentum transfer, the branching ratios for the leptonic decays of the W boson to e, μ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu $$\end{document} and τ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\tau $$\end{document} are expected to be equal to very high precision, given the small sizes of the lepton masses compared to the W boson mass. This assumption has been tested in the production of W-boson pairs in e+e-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$e^+e^-$$\end{document} collisions at LEP2, in the production of single W bosons at the Tevatron and Large Hadron Collider (LHC), and by exploiting the two W bosons produced in tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t}$$\end{document} events at the LHC. The most precise measurement of RWμ/e\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu /e}_W$$\end{document}, the ratio of branching ratios for W→μν\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$W\rightarrow e\nu $$\end{document}, was performed by the CMS collaboration with pp→tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\text {T}\text {e}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\text {V}$$\end{document}. This analysis made use of a global fit to lepton and jet multiplicities, together with kinematic variables and the identification of jets originating from b-quarks, and achieved a precision of 0.9% [9]. Measurements of pp→W\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$W\rightarrow \mu \nu $$\end{document} decay channels from the ATLAS and LHCb experiments [10, 11], and measurements in e+e-→W+W-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$e^+e^-\rightarrow W^+W^-$$\end{document} events from the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL experiments at LEP2 [12] also contribute significantly to the combined value of RWμ/e=1.002±0.006\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu /e}_W=1.002\pm 0.006$$\end{document} determined by the Particle Data Group [13].
This paper describes a measurement of RWμ/e\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\text {T}\text {e}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\text {V}$$\end{document}. Final states with two opposite-charge leptons (electrons or muons, ℓ=e\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu $$\end{document}) and one or two jets tagged as likely to contain b-hadrons are selected, allowing RWμ/e\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu /e}_W$$\end{document} to be derived from a comparison of the tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu \mu $$\end{document} channels. Many systematic uncertainties related to tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu /e}_W$$\end{document}, but it is still limited by uncertainties related to the identification of electrons and muons. The latter can be reduced by making a simultaneous measurement of the analogous ratio RZμμ/ee\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_Z$$\end{document} for Z bosons, i.e. the ratio of branching ratios for Z→μμ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Z\rightarrow \ell \ell $$\end{document} events in the same data sample. The main measured parameter of interest becomes RWZμ/e=RWμ/e/RZμμ/ee\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu /e}_{WZ}=R^{\,\mu /e}_W/\sqrt{R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_Z}$$\end{document}, and the final result is then obtained from RWZμ/e\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu /e}_{WZ}$$\end{document} and the precise measurement of RZμμ/ee=1.0009±0.0028\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_Z=1.0009\pm 0.0028$$\end{document} from the LEP and SLD experiments [13, 14], taken as an external input parameter. The tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sigma _{Z\rightarrow \ell \ell }$$\end{document}, are also measured as by-products of this procedure. The value of σtt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell $$\end{document}.
The data and samples of Monte Carlo simulated events used in this analysis are described in Sect. 2, followed by the event reconstruction and selection in Sect. 3. The analysis method is described in Sect. 4, and supporting measurements of lepton isolation efficiencies are outlined in Sect. 5. Systematic uncertainties are detailed in Sect. 6 and the results in Sect. 7. Finally, the conclusion is given in Sect. 8.
Data and simulated event samples
The ATLAS detector [15–17] at the LHC covers nearly the entire solid angle around the collision point. It consists of an inner tracking detector surrounded by a thin superconducting solenoid producing a 2T axial magnetic field, electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, and an external muon spectrometer incorporating three large toroidal magnet assemblies. The analysis was performed on samples of proton–proton collision data collected at s=13\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\text {G}{\text {e}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\text {V}}$$\end{document} thereafter. Each triggered event also includes the signals from on average 33 superimposed inelastic pp collisions, referred to as pileup.
Monte Carlo simulated event samples were used to develop the analysis procedures, to evaluate signal and background contributions, and to compare with data. Samples were processed using either the full ATLAS detector simulation [22] based on Geant4 [23], or with a faster simulation making use of parameterised showers in the calorimeters [24]. The effects of pileup were simulated by generating additional inelastic pp collisions with Pythia8 (v8.186) [25] using the A3 set of parameter values (tune) [26] and overlaying them on the primary simulated events, so as to match the distribution of the number of inelastic events per bunch crossing observed in the data. These combined events were then processed using the same reconstruction and analysis chain as the data [27]. Small corrections were applied to lepton and jet energy scales [28–30], and to lepton and b-tagging efficiencies [31–33], in order to improve agreement with the response observed in data. Further topology-specific lepton isolation corrections were applied as discussed in Sect. 5.
The baseline simulated tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t}$$\end{document} sample was produced with the Powheg-Box v2 event generator [34–37] (referred to hereafter as Powheg), which implements matrix-elements at next-to-leading-order (NLO) in the strong coupling constant αs\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t}$$\end{document} selection. These processes were modelled at NLO using Powheg + Pythia8 or aMC@NLO + Pythia8. Additional background arises from events where at least one lepton is not a prompt lepton from a W or Z decay (including via leptonic τ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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This analysis makes use of reconstructed electrons, muons and b-tagged jets. Electron candidates were reconstructed from a localised cluster of energy deposits in the electromagnetic calorimeter matched to a track in the inner detector, passing the ‘Medium’ likelihood-based requirement of Ref. [28]. They were required to have transverse momentum pT>20\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$p_{\text {T}} ^2$$\end{document} of associated tracks. To reduce background from non-prompt electrons, electron candidates were further required to pass the ‘Tight’ isolation requirements of Ref. [28], based on the amount of summed calorimeter energy and track transverse momentum close to the electron. Muon candidates were reconstructed by combining tracks from the inner detector with matching tracks reconstructed in the muon spectrometer, and were required to have pT>20\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$|\eta |<2.5$$\end{document} and to satisfy the ‘Medium’ requirements of Ref. [32]. Muons were also required to be consistent with the signal primary vertex and to satisfy the ‘Tight’ isolation requirements of Ref. [32].
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\begin{document}$$|\eta |<2.4$$\end{document} were subject to additional pileup rejection criteria using the multivariate jet-vertex tagger (JVT) [70]. To prevent double counting of electron energy deposits as jets, the closest jet to an electron candidate was removed if it was within ΔR=0.2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\Delta R=0.4$$\end{document} of selected jets were discarded, unless the lepton was a muon and the jet had fewer than three associated tracks, in which case the jet was discarded. Jets likely to contain b-hadrons were tagged using the DL1r algorithm [33, 71], a multivariate discriminant based on deep-learning techniques making use of track impact parameters and reconstructed secondary vertices. A tagger working point with an efficiency of 70% for tagging b-quark jets from top-quark decays in simulated tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\text {G}{\text {e}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\text {V}}$$\end{document}, and no requirements were made on jet or b-tagged jet multiplicity. Table 1 summarises the event selection.
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t}$$\end{document} selections are shown as the points and dashed red lines in Fig. 1a. The distributions are different, due mainly to the smaller electron efficiency in the forward region at high |η|\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Z\rightarrow \mu \mu $$\end{document} selection. It was applied to both data and simulation, and is included in all distributions, event counts and efficiencies shown in this paper.
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Figure 2 shows comparisons of data and simulation for selected events in the ee (left column) and μμ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Analysis method
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t}$$\end{document} background. In the same-flavour channels, the dilepton invariant mass mℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$m_{\ell \ell }$$\end{document} was also exploited to separate signal events from the dominant Z + jets background. This method allows the efficiency ϵbℓℓ′\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu \mu $$\end{document}), and minimises selection efficiency uncertainties due to the modelling of additional jets from QCD radiation in the tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t}$$\end{document} events.
Following Ref. [50], the inclusive tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$N_1^{e\mu }$$\end{document}) or two (N2eμ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$N_2^{e\mu }$$\end{document}) b-tagged jets. The two event counts satisfy the tagging equationsN1eμ=Lσtt¯ϵeμgeμtt¯2ϵbeμ(1-Cbeμϵbeμ)+∑k=bkgs1kgeμkN1eμ,kandN2eμ=Lσtt¯ϵeμgeμtt¯Cbeμ(ϵbeμ)2+∑k=bkgs2kgeμkN2eμ,k,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} N_1^{e\mu }&= L \sigma _{t\bar{t}}\ \epsilon _{e\mu }g_{e\mu }^{t\bar{t}}\, 2{\epsilon _{b}^{e\mu }}(1-{C_b^{e\mu }}{\epsilon _{b}^{e\mu }}) \nonumber \\&\quad + \displaystyle \sum \limits _{k=\textrm{bkg}} s_1^k g_{e\mu }^k\, N_1^{e\mu ,k}\ \text {and} \nonumber \\ N_2^{e\mu }&= L \sigma _{t\bar{t}}\ \epsilon _{e\mu }g_{e\mu }^{t\bar{t}}\, {C_b^{e\mu }}({\epsilon _{b}^{e\mu }})^2 \nonumber \\&\quad + \displaystyle \sum \limits _{k=\textrm{bkg}} s_2^k g_{e\mu }^k\, N_2^{e\mu ,k}, \end{aligned}$$\end{document}where L is the integrated luminosity of the sample, ϵeμ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$g_{e\mu }^{t\bar{t}}$$\end{document} expresses possible deviations of these branching ratios from their simulated values. The parameter Cbeμ≈1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${C_b^{e\mu }}\approx 1$$\end{document} is a correlation coefficient that accounts for the fact that the tagging probabilities of the two b-quark jets from the top decays are not completely independent. It was evaluated from simulation as Cbeμ=4Neμtt¯N2tt¯/(N1tt¯+2N2tt¯)2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${C_b^{e\mu }}=4N^{t\bar{t}}_{e\mu }N^{t\bar{t}}_2/(N^{t\bar{t}}_1+2N^{t\bar{t}}_2)^2$$\end{document}, where Neμtt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$N^{t\bar{t}}_2$$\end{document} are the numbers of such events with one and two b-tagged jets [50]. Background contributions to N1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$N_2$$\end{document} were divided into four sources indexed by k: Wt, Z + jets, dibosons and events with at least one misidentified lepton. The estimate of each background k was scaled by a factor snk\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$g_{e\mu }^k$$\end{document} to allow for changes in the W or Z leptonic branching ratios.
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\begin{document}$$\text {G}{\text {e}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\text {V}}$$\end{document}. Using the extension of the tagging formalism introduced in Ref. [74], the numbers of opposite-charge ℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell $$\end{document} events in each bin m with one and two b-tagged jets, N1,mℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$N_{2,m}^{\ell \ell }$$\end{document} can then be expressed asN1,mℓℓ=Lσtt¯ϵℓℓgℓℓtt¯2ϵbℓℓ(1-Cbℓℓϵbℓℓ)f1,mℓℓ,tt¯+∑k=bkgs1kgℓℓkf1,mℓℓ,kN1ℓℓ,kandN2,mℓℓ=Lσtt¯ϵℓℓgℓℓtt¯Cbℓℓ(ϵbℓℓ)2f2,mℓℓ,tt¯+∑k=bkgs2kgℓℓkf2,mℓℓ,kN2ℓℓ,k,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} N_{1,m}^{\ell \ell }&= L \sigma _{t\bar{t}}\,\epsilon _{\ell \ell }\,{g_{\ell \ell }^{t\bar{t}}}\, 2{\epsilon _{b}^{\ell \ell }}(1-C_b^{\ell \ell }{\epsilon _{b}^{\ell \ell }})\,f_{1,m}^{\ell \ell ,t\bar{t}} \nonumber \\&\quad + \displaystyle \sum \limits _{k=\textrm{bkg}} s_1^k {g_{\ell \ell }^k}\, f_{1,m}^{\ell \ell ,k} N_{1}^{\ell \ell ,k}\ \text {and} \nonumber \\ N_{2,m}^{\ell \ell }&= L \sigma _{t\bar{t}}\,\epsilon _{\ell \ell }\,{g_{\ell \ell }^{t\bar{t}}}\,C_b^{\ell \ell }({\epsilon _{b}^{\ell \ell }})^2\,f_{2,m}^{\ell \ell ,t\bar{t}}\nonumber \\&\quad + \displaystyle \sum \limits _{k=\textrm{bkg}} s_2^k {g_{\ell \ell }^k}\, f_{2,m}^{\ell \ell ,k} N_{2}^{\ell \ell ,k}, \end{aligned}$$\end{document}with separate selection efficiencies ϵℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell $$\end{document}, event source k and b-tagged jet multiplicity (1 or 2).
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\begin{document}$${\overline{W}}=0.1082$$\end{document}, the Standard Model prediction used in the simulation. In this modelRWμ/e=B(W→μν)B(W→eν)=W¯(1+ΔW)W¯(1-ΔW),\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} R^{\,\mu /e}_W= \frac{{{\mathcal {B}}(W\rightarrow \mu \nu )}}{{{\mathcal {B}}(W\rightarrow e\nu )}} = \frac{{\overline{W}}(1+\Delta _W)}{{\overline{W}}(1-\Delta _W)}\ , \end{aligned}$$\end{document}so that ΔW=(RWμ/e-1)/(RWμ/e+1)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$g_{\ell \ell '}^{t\bar{t}}$$\end{document} in Eqs. (1) and (2) are given bygeett¯=f0τee(1-ΔW)2+f1τee(1-ΔW)+f2τeegeμtt¯=f0τeμ(1-ΔW)(1+ΔW)+f1τeμ+f2τeμgμμtt¯=f0τμμ(1+ΔW)2+f1τμμ(1+ΔW)+f2τμμ,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{llllll} {g_{ee}^{t\bar{t}}}& = & f^{ee}_{0\tau }(1-\Delta _W)^2 & +f^{ee}_{1\tau }(1-\Delta _W) & +f^{ee}_{2\tau } \\ g_{e\mu }^{t\bar{t}}& = & f^{e\mu }_{0\tau }(1-\Delta _W)(1+\Delta _W) & +f^{e\mu }_{1\tau } & +f^{e\mu }_{2\tau } \\ {g_{\mu \mu }^{t\bar{t}}}& = & f^{\mu \mu }_{0\tau }(1+\Delta _W)^2 & +f^{\mu \mu }_{1\tau }(1+\Delta _W) & +f^{\mu \mu }_{2\tau } \\ \end{array}\ , \end{aligned}$$\end{document}where the parameters fnτℓℓ′\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu /e}_W$$\end{document} from this analysis.
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_Z= \frac{{\mathcal {B}(Z\rightarrow \mu \mu )}}{{\mathcal {B}(Z\rightarrow ee)}} = \frac{\overline{Z}(1+\Delta _Z)}{\overline{Z}(1-\Delta _Z)}\ , \end{aligned}$$\end{document}where Z¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$g_{\ell \ell '}^k$$\end{document} for Z + jets events are given bygeeZ+jets=(1-ΔZ)(1-ΔZ+b)geμZ+jets=1gμμZ+jets=(1+ΔZ)(1+ΔZ+b).\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{lll} {g_{ee}^{Z+\textrm{jets}}} & = & (1-\Delta _Z)(1-\Delta _{Z+b}) \\ {g_{e\mu }^{Z+\textrm{jets}}} & = & 1 \\ {g_{\mu \mu }^{Z+\textrm{jets}}} & = & (1+\Delta _Z)(1+\Delta _{Z+b}) \\ \end{array}\ . \end{aligned}$$\end{document}The contributions to the backgrounds in Eqs. (1) and (2) from events with misidentified leptons were evaluated using a partially data-driven method, as discussed below.
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} R^{\,\mu /e}_{WZ}= \frac{R^{\,\mu /e}_W}{\sqrt{R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_Z}} = \frac{{{\mathcal {B}}(W\rightarrow \mu \nu )}}{{{\mathcal {B}}(W\rightarrow e\nu )}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{{\mathcal {B}(Z\rightarrow ee)}}{{\mathcal {B}(Z\rightarrow \mu \mu )}}} \ . \end{aligned}$$\end{document}The normalisation to RZμμ/ee\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t}$$\end{document} selections, but this overlap has a negligible effect on the analysis. The analysis procedure was validated using simulation-based pseudo-experiments with various input values of σtt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_Z$$\end{document}. These tests verified that the fit gives correct uncertainty estimates and that any residual biases are much smaller than the data statistical uncertainty.
Summary of the fitted distributions, showing the distribution variable, number of bins and event count nomenclature for each sample of selected events
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t}$$\end{document} selection was estimated using same-sign (SS) control samples, selected as described in Sect. 3 but requiring two leptons of the same rather than opposite electric charges. In an extension of the method described in Ref. [50], the misidentified lepton background Nji,mis-id\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^i_j$$\end{document} of misidentified-lepton events in the opposite-sign (OS) and SS samples in simulation:Nji,mis-id=Rji(Nji,d,SS-Nji,prompt,SS)Rji=Nji,mis-id,OSNji,mis-id,SS.\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} N_j^{i,\mathrm {mis-id}}= & R^i_j (N_j^{i,\textrm{d,SS}}-N_j^{i,\textrm{prompt,SS}}) \nonumber \\ R^i_j= & \frac{N_j^{i,\mathrm {mis-id,OS}}}{N_j^{i,\mathrm {mis-id,SS}}} . \end{aligned}$$\end{document}To reduce the pollution of the SS ee and eμ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu \mu $$\end{document} sample. The estimates from data are compatible with the predictions from simulation within the evaluated uncertainties of 30–70%. The simulation was also found to provide a good description of data SS control samples where the isolation requirements were inverted to increase the misidentified lepton contributions.
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\begin{document}$$Z\rightarrow \mu \mu $$\end{document} sample, estimating the systematic uncertainties by using a tighter anti-isolation requirement in the B and D samples.
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_Z$$\end{document} are discussed below, and summarised in Table 5 in Sect. 7. The methodologies generally follow those described in Ref. [50].
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\begin{document}$$p_{\text {T}}$$\end{document} reweighting shown as the red dotted line in Fig. 2c, d was included as a systematic uncertainty.
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t}$$\end{document}, Wt, Z + jets and inclusive Z processes and their correlations. The uncertainties from the PDF4LHC15 eigenvectors are larger than the shifts induced by reweighting the simulation samples (generated with NNPDF3.0 or CT10 PDFs) to the central predictions of PDF4LHC15.
Single top modelling: The uncertainties on modelling the Wt background were assessed using alternative samples generated with aMC@NLO + Pythia8 and Powheg + Herwig7.0 [77], by varying the renormalisation and factorisation scales and by using the Var3c tune variations, in the same way as for tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Z (+jets) modelling: Uncertainties in the Z + jets background in the tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Diboson modelling: The normalisation of the diboson contribution was varied by 20%, covering uncertainties in the cross-sections and acceptances. Alternative samples generated using Powheg + Pythia8 instead of Sherpa were also considered.
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Lepton trigger: The lepton trigger efficiencies were also measured in Z→ee\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t}$$\end{document} and Z + jets events as described in Refs. [33, 78, 79].
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Integrated luminosity: The integrated luminosity of the dataset was evaluated using the LUCID2 detector [80], complemented by measurements from the inner detector and calorimeters, and has an uncertainty of 0.83% [18].
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Fit results
Table 3 shows the number of observed events in each of the dilepton channels of the tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Figure 4 shows that the fit generally models the data well, except for a data excess in the lowest mℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$e\mu $$\end{document} channel. The effect of this reweighting defines the ‘Top quark pT\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$p_{\text {T}}$$\end{document} modelling’ uncertainty in Table 5 and is included in the cyan bands shown in Fig. 4.
The fit results for the cross-sections areσtt¯=809.5±1.1±20.1±7.5±1.9pb,σZ→ℓℓ=2019.4±0.2±20.7±16.8±1.8pb,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} \sigma _{t\bar{t}}= & 809.5 \pm 1.1 \pm 20.1 \pm 7.5 \pm 1.9\,\textrm{pb},\\ \sigma _{Z\rightarrow \ell \ell }= & 2019.4 \pm 0.2 \pm 20.7 \pm 16.8 \pm 1.8\,\textrm{pb}, \end{aligned}$$\end{document}where the four uncertainties are due to data statistics, systematic effects, and the knowledge of the integrated luminosity and the LHC beam energy. As shown in Table 5, the tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} \sigma ^\textrm{fid}_{Z\rightarrow \ell \ell }= 774.7 \pm 0.1 \pm 1.8 \pm 6.4 \pm 0.7\,\textrm{pb} . \end{aligned}$$\end{document}The systematic uncertainty is much smaller than that for σZ→ℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sigma _{Z\rightarrow \ell \ell }$$\end{document} because of strong reductions in the PDF and Z modelling uncertainties in the fiducial cross-section measurement. The result is compatible with that measured in Ref. [82].
Breakdown of the statistical and systematic uncertainties on the measured cross-sections σtt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_Z$$\end{document}
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\begin{document}$$\mu \mu $$\end{document} channel divided by that in the ee channel as a function of dilepton invariant mass for events with a one and b two b-tagged jets. The ratio in data is shown by the points with statistical error bars, and the results of the fit prediction by the solid lines, with the cyan band indicating the systematic uncertainty
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_{Z+b}=0.990\pm 0.003$$\end{document}, compatible with the differences between Sherpa and Powheg + Pythia8 lepton isolation efficiencies shown for inclusive Z→ℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Z\rightarrow \ell \ell $$\end{document} events in Fig. 3.
The two ratios of branching ratios were fitted to beRWZμ/e=0.9990±0.0022±0.0036RZμμ/ee=0.9913±0.0002±0.0045\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} R^{\,\mu /e}_{WZ}= & 0.9990 \pm 0.0022 \pm 0.0036 \\ R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_Z= & 0.9913 \pm 0.0002 \pm 0.0045 \end{aligned}$$\end{document}where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. A detailed breakdown of the uncertainties is shown in Table 5. The value of RZμμ/ee\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} R^{\,\mu /e}_W&= R^{\,\mu /e}_{WZ}\sqrt{R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_{Z\mathrm {-ext}}} = 0.9995\pm 0.0022\,\mathrm {(stat)}\, \\&\quad \pm 0.0036\,\mathrm {(syst)}\,\pm 0.0014\,\mathrm {(ext)}, \end{aligned}$$\end{document}where the three uncertainties correspond to data statistics, systematic uncertainties from this analysis, and the uncertainty on the value of RZ-extμμ/ee\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu \mu /ee}_{Z\mathrm {-ext}}$$\end{document}(considered uncorrelated), giving a total uncertainty of 0.0045. The result is consistent with the assumption of lepton flavour universality and with previous measurements, and has higher precision than the previous world average [13]. The result is compared with previous measurements of RWμ/e\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Conclusion
The ratio of branching ratios RWμ/e=B(W→μν)/B(W→eν)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu /e}_W=0.9995\pm 0.0045$$\end{document} is consistent with the assumption of lepton flavour universality. This is the most precise measurement of RWμ/e\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R^{\,\mu /e}_W$$\end{document} to date, with a smaller uncertainty than the previous world average.
Acknowledgements
We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC and its injectors, as well as the support staff at CERN and at our institutions worldwide without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF/SFU (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [83]. We gratefully acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; Minciencias, Colombia; MEYS CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRI, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taipei; TENMAK, Türkiye; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. Individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and DRAC, Canada; PRIMUS 21/SCI/017, CERN-CZ and FORTE, Czech Republic; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, ICSC-NextGenerationEU and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d’Avenir Labex, Investissements d’Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and MINERVA, Israel; Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2021, Norway; NCN and NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. In addition, individual members wish to acknowledge support from CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN PJAS); Chile: Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (FONDECYT 1190886, FONDECYT 1210400, FONDECYT 1230812, FONDECYT 1230987); China: National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-12175119, NSFC 12275265, NSFC-12075060); Czech Republic: Czech Science Foundation (GACR-24-11373 S), Ministry of Education Youth and Sports (FORTE CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004632), PRIMUS Research Programme (PRIMUS/21/SCI/017); European Union: European Research Council (ERC - 948254, ERC 101089007), Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (MUCCA - CHIST-ERA-19-XAI-00), Italian Center for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing (ICSC, NextGenerationEU); France: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-20-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0022), Investissements d’Avenir Labex (ANR-11-LABX-0012); Germany: Baden-Württemberg Stiftung (BW Stiftung-Postdoc Eliteprogramme), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG-469666862, DFG-CR 312/5-2); Italy: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (ICSC, NextGenerationEU); Japan: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI Grant No. 22KK0227, JSPS KAKENHI JP21H05085, JSPS KAKENHI JP22H01227, JSPS KAKENHI JP22H04944); Netherlands: Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO Veni 2020-VI.Veni.202.179); Norway: Research Council of Norway (RCN-314472); Poland: Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (PPN/PPO/2020/1/00002/U/00001), Polish National Science Centre (NCN 2021/42/E/ST2/00350, NCN OPUS nr 2022/47/B/ST2/03059, NCN UMO-2019/34/E/ST2/00393, UMO-2020/37/B/ST2/01043, UMO-2021/40/C/ST2/00187, UMO-2022/47/O/ST2/00148, UMO-2023/49/B/ST2/04085); Slovenia: Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS grant J1-3010); Spain: Generalitat Valenciana (Artemisa, FEDER, IDIFEDER/2018/048), Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN and NextGenEU -PCI2022-135018-2, MICIN and FEDER -PID2021-125273NB, RYC2019-028510-I, RYC2020-030254-I, RYC2021-031273-I, RYC2022-038164-I), PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2019/023, CIDEGENT/2019/027); Sweden: Swedish Research Council (Swedish Research Council 2023-04654, VR 2018-00482, VR 2022-03845, VR 2022-04683, VR 2023-03403, VR grant 2021-03651), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW 2018.0157, KAW 2018.0458, KAW 2019.0447, KAW 2022.0358); Switzerland: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF-PCEFP2_194658); United Kingdom: Leverhulme Trust (Leverhulme Trust RPG-2020-004), Royal Society (NIF-R1-231091); United States of America: Neubauer Family Foundation.
Data Availability Statement
This manuscript has no associated data. [Author’s comment: All ATLAS scientific output is published in journals, and preliminary results are made available in Conference Notes. All are openly available, without restriction on use by external parties beyond copyright law and the standard conditions agreed by CERN. Data associated with journal publications are also made available: tables and data from plots (e.g. cross section values, likelihood profiles, selection efficiencies, cross section limits, ...) are stored in appropriate repositories such as HEPDATA (http://hepdata.cedar.ac.uk/). ATLAS also strives to make additional material related to the paper available that allows a reinterpretation of the data in the context of new theoretical models. For example, an extended encapsulation of the analysis is often provided for measurements in the framework of RIVET (http://rivet.hepforge.org/). This information is taken from the ATLAS Data Access Policy, which is a public document that can be downloaded from http://opendata.cern.ch/record/413 [opendata.cern.ch].]
Code Availability Statement
This manuscript has no associated code/software. [Author’s comment: ATLAS collaboration software is open source, and all code necessary to recreate an analysis is publicly available. The Athena (http://gitlab.cern.ch/atlas/athena) software repository provides all code needed for calibration and uncertainty application, with configuration files that are also publicly available via Docker containers and cvmfs. The specific code and configurations written in support of this analysis are not public; however, these are internally preserved.]
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