Trinity College MS B.9.8

Trinity College MS B.9.8 The Polonsky Foundation Suzanne Paul University Library

Images made available for download are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License (CC BY-NC 3.0) This metadata is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. University of Cambridge Trinity College Library Trinity College MS B.9.8 James 204 Diktyon 11935

This manuscript contains a collection of Works by Athanasius, archbishop of Alexandria (295-373). It was copied around the middle of the 16th century in Italy by the scribe Michael and another contemporary hand. Owned by Silvius Elwes (ca. 1576-1638), chaplain of Trinity College, the codex was donated by him to the College Library. Dr Erika Elia

Greek f. [ii] recto Table of contents Latin f. [ii] recto Oratio contra Gentes pag. 1a f. [ii] recto Quaestiones ad Antiochum 713 It is an addition by a later hand pp. 1-62 Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria Oratio contra gentes p. 1 Τοῦ ἐν ἁγίοις πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀθανασίου ἀρχιεπισκόπου Ἀλεξανδρείας κατὰ Ἑλλήνων λόγος αος οὗ ἡ ἀρχὴ ἡ μὲν περὶ τῆς θεοσεβείας p. 1 Ἡ μὲν περὶ τῆς θεοσεβείας καὶ τῆς τῶν ὅλων ἀληθείας γνῶσις p. 62 ἐναντία ὧν ἔγνωσαν ἔπραξαν. TLG 2035.001; CPG 2090; PG 25, 4-96 pp. 63-130 Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria Oratio de incarnatione Verbi p. 63 Τοῦ αὐτοῦ περὶ τῆς ἐνανθρωπήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ λόγου· καὶ τῆς διὰ σώματος πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἐπιφανείας αὐτοῦ p. 63 Αὐτάρκως ἐν τοῖς πρὸ τούτων ἐκ πολλῶν ὀλίγα διαλαβόντες p. 130 τιμὴ καὶ κράτος καὶ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων ἀμήν. TLG 2035.002; CPG 2091; PG 25, 96-197 pp. 131-174 Disputatio contra Arium p. 131 Τοῦ αὐτοῦ διάλεκτος ἐν τῆ κατὰ Νίκαιαν συνόδω πρὸς Ἄρειον, ἐν ἔτη τῆς θείας σαρκώσεως ͵τι΄· ἐν ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ εὐσεβοῦς βασιλέως Κωνσταντίνου καὶ τοῦ μακαρίου πάπα Σιλβέστρου καὶ ἐπισκόπου Βυζαντίου Ἀλεξάνδρου p. 131 Τῆ τοῦ Θεοῦ προνοία ἀπήειν προσεληλυθὼς p. 174 καθὼς ἔφη ἡ Ἀλήθεια. Ἐπληρώθη σὺν Θεῶ ἡ τοῦ ἁγίου Ἀθανασίου κατὰ Ἀρείου ἀριστεία The attribution to Athanasius of Alexandria (296-373 CE) Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, -373 is considered spurious TLG 2035.072; CPG 2250; PG 28, 440-501 pp. 175-202 Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria Epistula ad episcopos Aegypti et Libyae p. 175 Τοῦ αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς ἐπισκόπους Αἰγύπτου καὶ Λιβύης· ἐπιστολὴ ἐγκύκλιος κατὰ Ἀρειανῶν· λόγος αλφ΄ p. 175 Πάντα μὲν ὅσα ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν καὶ σωτήρ p. 202 ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίω· εἰς τοὺς σύμπαντας αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων ἀμήν. TLG 2035.129; CPG 2092; PG 25, 537-593 pp. 203-276 Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria Oratio I contra Arianos p. 203 Τοῦ αὐτοῦ λόγος κατὰ Ἀρειανῶν· λόγος β΄ p. 203 Αἱ μὲν αἱρέσεις ὅσαι τῆς ἀληθείας ἐπινοήσασαι p. 276 κἂν ἀχάριστοι τυγχάνωσιν οἱ αἱρετικοὶ, καὶ φιλόνεικοι πρὸς τὴν εὐσέβειαν. TLG 2035.130; CPG 2093; PG 26, 12-145 C 5 pp. 277-376 Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria Oratio IΙ contra Arianos p. 277 Ἐγὼ μὲν ὤμην τοὺς τῆς Ἀρείου μανίας ὑποκριτάς p. 376 καὶ χωρὶς αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο οὐδὲ ἕν. There is no rubric; a title was added by a later hand on the upper margin of p. 277: Κατὰ Ἀρειανῶν λόγος γ΄ TLG 2035.131; CPG 2093; PG 26, 145 D-321 A pp. 377-462a Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria Oratio III contra Arianos p. 377 Τοῦ αὐτοῦ μεγάλου Ἀθανασίου, κατὰ Ἀρειανῶν λόγος δ΄ p. 377 Εἱ Ἀρειομανῖται ὡς ἔοικε κρίναντες p. 462a καὶ πανταχόθεν, ἐξ αὐτῶν ἠλέγχθησαν ἄφρονες καὶ χριστομάχοι. TLG 2035.132; CPG 2093; PG 26, 321 B-468 A 9 pp. 462b-482 Marcellus, Bishop of Ankara De incarnatione et contra Arianos p. 462b Οἱ κακοτέχνως τὰς θείας γραφὰς βουλόμενοι νοεῖν p. 482 ἐν τῇ πανουργίᾳ πρὸς τὴν μεθοδείαν τῆς πλάνης The attribution to Athanasius of Alexandria (296-373 CE) Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, -373 is considered spurious There is no rubric; in the upper margin of p. 462b the scribe wrote an indication, partially lost to trimming: ος τοῦ αὐτοῦ κατὰ Ἀρειανῶν, καὶ ὅσοι ἔπονται τὰ Ἀρείου TLG 2041.005; CPG 2806; PG 26, 984-1028 pp. 483-493 Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria Epistula encyclica p. 483 Τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐπιστολὴ πρὸς τοὺς ἁπανταχοῦ ὀρθοδόξους, ὅτι ὁ παρὰ τῶν Ἀρειανῶν διωγμὸς ἐγένετο p. 483 Ἃ μὲν πεπόνθαμεν, δεινὰ καὶ ἀφόρητά ἐστι p. 493 κύριοι ἀληθῶς ποθεινότατοι The title and the initial were added by another hand Ed. H.G. Opitz, Athanasius Werke, 2.1, Berlin 1940, pp. 169-177 TLG 2035.006; CPG 2124; PG 25, 221-240 pp. 494-537 Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria Epistula Ι ad Serapionem p. 494 Τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐπιστολὴ πρὸς Σεραπίωνα ἐπίσκοπον περὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος p. 494 Τὰ γράμματα τῆς σῆς ἱερᾶς διαθέσεως p. 537 καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τὴν τιμωρίαν ὑπομείνωσιν The title and the initial were added by another hand Ed. K. Savvidis, Athanasius Werke, I, Lieferung 4, Berlin-New York 2010, pp. 449-534 TLG 2035.133; CPG 2094; PG 26, 529-608 B pp. 538-547 Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria Epistula ΙI ad Serapionem p. 538 Πρὸς τὸν κατὰ τῶν λεγόντων κτίσμα τὸν υἱὸν p. 538 Ἐγὼ μὲν ἐνόμιζον καὶ οὕτως ὀλίγα γεγραφηκέναι p. 547 l. 6 κἂν διαρραγῶσι μυριάκις τῇ ἑαυτῶν ἀγνοία οἱ Ἀρειανοί The text ends at Savvidis 2010, pp. 537-551: 551 l. 7 (the edition brings together the texts of ep. II and III) TLG 2035.133; CPG 2094; PG 26, 608 C 4-624 C 4 pp. 547-549 Epistula catholica p. 547 l. 7 Καθολικεὶ ἐπιστολὴ p. 547 Τοῖς κατὰ τόπον ἀδελφοῖς p. 549 l. 4 ὦ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας ἀμήν. The attribution to Athanasius of Alexandria (296-373 CE) Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, -373 is considered spurious TLG 2035.065; CPG 2241; PG 28, 81-84 pp. 549-551 Refutatio hypocriseos Meletii et Eusebii p. 549 l. 5 Ἔλεγχος ὑποκρίσεως τῶν περὶ Μελέτιον καὶ Εὐσέβιον τὸν Σαμοσατέα κατὰ τοῦ Ὁμοιουσίου p. 549 Ἄνθρωπος καθ’ ὁμοίωσιν Θεοῦ γέγονε p. 551 l. 9 ἐκ τοῦ Πνεύματος οὗ ἔδωκεν ἡμῖν. The attribution to Athanasius of Alexandria (296-373 CE) Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, -373 is spurious TLG 2035.066; CPG 2242; PG 28, 85-88 pp. 551-563 Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria Epistula ad Epictetum p. 551 l. 10 Πρὸς Ἐπίκτητον ἐπίσκοπον Κορίνθυ p. 551 Ἐγὼ μὲν ἐνόμιζον, πᾶσαν ματαιολογίαν πάντων p. 563 l. 21 ἀγαπητὲ, καὶ ἀληθῶς ποθεινότατε. TLG 2035.110; CPG 2095; PG 26, 1049-1069 pp. 563-582 De incarnatione contra Apollinarium, liber II p. 563 l. 22 Λόγος κατὰ Ἀπολιναρίου p. 563 Οἱ τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν μὴ ἐκ Θεοῦ καὶ ἀνθρώπου ἕνα ὁμολογοῦντες p. 582 l. 27 καὶ μὴ περαιτέρω ἐκτεινομένους ἀθετεῖν ἀλήθειαν. The attribution to Athanasius of Alexandria (296-373 CE) Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, -373 is considered spurious TLG 2035.124; CPG 2231; PG 26, 1132-1165 pp. 582-607 De incarnatione contra Apollinarium, liber I p. 582 l. 28 Περὶ σαρκώσεως τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ κατὰ Ἀπολιναρίου p. 582 Ὁ μὲν τρόπος τοῦ εὐσεβοῦς ὁ ἄκοπος p. 607 l. 23 καὶ ἐλπίδα τῆς σωτηρίας ἡμῶν. The attribution to Athanasius of Alexandria (296-373 CE) Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, -373 is considered spurious TLG 2035.124; CPG 2231; PG 26, 1093-1132 pp. 607 l. 24-624 l. 21 Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria In illud: Qui dixerit verbum in filium (Epistula ΙV ad Serapionem) p. 607 Εἰς τὸ ῥητὸν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου ὅτι ὃς εἴπη κατὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου, οὐκ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ p. 607 Περὶ δὲ οὗ γράφων ἐδήλωσας εὐαγγελικοῦ ῥητοῦ p. 624 ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος, εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων ἀμήν. TLG 2035.044 (2035.133); CPG 2096 (2094); PG 26, 648C-676 pp. 624-627 Homilia de passione et cruce domini, excerptum p. 624 l. 22 Τῶν μὲν ἀνθρώπων ἡ ἁμαρτία p. 627 l. 21 οὕτως ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ πάντες ζωοποιηθήσονται. There is no rubric; the text follows the preceding one without interruption; it is an excerpt from the homily De passione et cruce domini (see PG 28, 203 note 59); the attribution to Athanasius of Alexandria (296-373 CE) Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, -373 is considered spurious The text begins at PG 28, 204 Β 13 and ends at PG 28, 208 B 14 TLG 2035.070; CPG 2247; PG 28, 185-249 pp. 627-659 Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria Epistula ad Marcellinum de interpretatione Psalmorum p. 627 l. 22 Πρὸς Μαρκελίνον εἰς τοὺς ψαλμούς p. 627 Ἄγαμαί σε τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ προαιρέσεως p. 659 l. 27 οἷον ἔσχον οἱ ταῦτα θεοφορούμενοι λαλήσαντες ἄνδρες ἅγιοι. TLG 2035.059; CPG 2097; PG 27, 12-45 pp. 659-681 De virginitate p. 659 l. 28 Τοῦ αὐτοῦ, περὶ παρθενίας ἤτοι περὶ ἀσκήσεως p. 659 Ἀρχὴ λόγου σωτηρίας πρὸς τὴν παρθένον p. 681 l. 23 ὧ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων, ἀμήν. The attribution to Athanasius of Alexandria (296-373 CE) Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, -373 is considered spurious TLG 2035.029; CPG 2248; PG 28, 252-281 pp. 681-713 Testimonia e scriptura (de communi essentia Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti) Quaestiones aliae p. 681 l. 24 Τοῦ αὐτοῦ μαρτυρία ἐκ τῆς γραφῆς, τῆς καταφύσιν κοινωνίας· ἐκ τοῦ ὁμοίως εἶναι τὸν πατέρα, καὶ τὸν υἱὸν, καὶ τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα πρὸς θεωρίαν δυσέφυκτον, καὶ μίαν ἔχειν ἐνέργειαν p. 681 Περὶ ἐλευθερίας. Περὶ πατρὸς, ἀναμφίβολον p. 713 l. 18 ὁ κολλώμενος τῷ κυρίῳ ἓν πνεῦμά ἐστιν. The attribution to Athanasius of Alexandria (296-373 CE) Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, -373 is considered spurious TLG 2035.064; CPG 2240; PG 28, 29-80 pp. 713-730 Quaestiones aliae p. 713 l. 19 Ἀθανασίου πατριάρχου Ἀλεξανδρείας· πρὸς Ἀντίοχον περὶ πλείστων καὶ ἀναγκαίων ζητημάτων ἐν ταῖς θείαις γραφαῖς ἀπορουμένων καὶ παραπᾶσις χριστιανοῖς ἐπιγινώσκειν ὀφειλόμενον p. 713 Τί ἐστι Θεός· ἀπόκρισις· Θεός ἐστιν, οὐσία νοερά p. 730 ὅτι αὐτῶ πρέπει δόξα εἰς ἀπεράντους αἰῶνας ἀμήν. The attribution to Athanasius of Alexandria (296-373 CE) Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, -373 is considered spurious TLG 2035.081; CPG 2261; PG 28, 773-796 Western paper, folded in folio. Watermarks: pp. 1-16, 33-361 Anchor in a circle surmounted by a six-point star, with countermark TC surmounted by a clover ( 68 40 ) in the centre of the leaf, identical to Sosower Ancre 96, which is dated to c. 1550-1552 (Rome). pp. 17-32, 362-419 Justice with countermark BS surmounted by a clover ( 117 c. 53 ) in the centre of the leaf, identical to Sosower Justice 2, which is dated to 1556 (Rome). pp. 420-730, f. [iii] Anchor in a circle surmounted by a six-point star, with countermark B E ( c. 67 c. 43 ) , very similar to Sosower Ancre 49, which is dated to c. 1553. Western paper. Watermarks: f. [ii] Pitcher with two handles, surmouted by a crescent, with letters difficult to decipher ( 60 ca. 25 ) in the upper part of the leaf, no precise matches in the principal repertoires. f. [iv] Name G NEWTON 1810 ( 60 38 ) in the centre of the leaf, datable to 1810, and comparable (but without date) to Gravell Watermark Archive, Names/Words WORD.229.1 , which is dated to 1802. Codex i + 1 + 367 + i 335 237 Two endleaves at the beginning and at the end of the manuscript are unnumbered (ff. [i]-[ii], [iii]-[iv]). The manuscript has been paginated in black/grey ink, in Arabic numerals, in the upper margin right (on the recto of the leaves) and left (on the verso), from 1 to 730. The pagination skips the numbers 99 and 289, and from 389 goes directly to 400; moreover various numbers are repeated (the errors in the ink pagination were corrected in pencil): 226a and 226b, 458a, and 458b, 459a and 459b, 462a and 462b, 463a and 463b, 464a and 464b, 573a and 573b, 574a and 574b, 643a and 643b, 644a and 644b, 673a and 673b, 674a and 674b. The leaves are numbered as follows: ff. [i]-[ii] + pp. 1-98, 100-225, 226a, 226b, 227-288, 290-389, 400-457, 458a, 458b, 459a, 459b, 460-461, 462a, 462b, 463a, 463b, 464a, 464b, 465-572, 573a, 573b, 574a, 574b, 575-642, 643a, 643b, 644a, 644b, 645-672, 673a, 673b, 674a, 674b, 675-730 + ff. [iii]-[iv]

The manuscript consists of quaternions alternating with ternions (generally three quaternions followed by a ternion etc.). At the beginning there are two later endleaves (ff. [i]-[ii]), one is at the end of the manuscript (f. [iii]).

2 endleaves ff. [i]-[ii] Quires 1-38 pp. 1-48(α΄-β΄) Quire 46 pp. 49-60(δ΄) Quires 5-78 pp. 61-109 Quire 86 pp. 110-121 Quires 9-118 pp. 122-169 Quire 126 pp. 170-181 Quires 13-158 pp. 182-228(ι΄-ιε΄) Quire 166 pp. 229-240(ι΄) Quires 17-198 pp. 241-288 Quire 206 pp. 289-301 Quires 21-238 pp. 302-349 Quire 246 pp. 350-361 Quires 25-278 pp. 362-419 Quire 286 pp. 420-431 Quires 29-318 pp. 432-474 Quire 326 pp. 475-486 Quires 33-358 pp. 487-534 Quire 366 pp. 535-546 Quires 37-398 pp. 547-592 Quire 406 pp. 593-604 Quires 41-438 pp. 605-650 Quire 446 pp. 651-662 Quires 45-488 pp. 663-722 Quire 496-1 pp. 723-730, f. [iii] ( the 6th leaf is missing, without loss of text) 1 endleaf f. [iv] (19th c.)

Vertical catchwords on the last verso, lower part, written from the top down. They are not always visible due to the position near the gutter. Some Greek signatures, by Hand A (Michael, see Hand description), are visible in the upper margin, external corner, of the first recto of the quires; the majority of them are lost due to trimming: α΄ (1)-β΄ (2) on pp. 1 and 17 δ΄ (4) on p. 49 ιε΄ (15) on p. 214. Hand A, moreover, traced little crosses in the centre of the upper margin of the first recto of the quires (see e.g. pp. 49, 122, 229). The manuscript is in good condition. A large part of f. [ii] is lost and was restored with paper. Some stains of blue ink are visible on the upper and external edges of the leaves, see e.g. pp. 61 and 494. A single column of 30 lines. 220 120

pp. 1-486, 505-524, 529-532, 711-730 Hand A: the majority of the text has been written by Michael (16th century) Michael (16th century) (Μιχαήλ, RGK III, 475), a scribe active in Venice (the hand, in my opinion, cannot be identified with the one of Emmanuel Bembaines, as it was assumed in consequence of a communication by F.C. Burkitt in Canart (1963), p. 60).

The text is written in a very light brown ink; titles and initials, as well as some marginal notes, in red, now very faded.

The scribe wrote a few annotations in the margins.

pp. 487-504, 525-528, 533-710 Hand B: the remaining texts have been written by a contemporary hand, in a minuscule script which has some forms and characteristics in common with Michael's.

The text is written in brown ink; titles and initials in red.

Hand a: passim there are a few additions by another hand, rather hesitant, see e.g. p. 175, where this scribe made an addition to the title, and p. 277, in the upper margin.

Hand b: another hand added two titles, on p. 483 and p. 494.

Friezes in red ink are present at the beginning of some of the texts: p. 1: rope motif pp. 63, 131, 175, 203: simple undulating linear frieze with clover leaves at both ends pp. 277, 377: small undulated linear friezes. Initials with decoration in a branch motif (see e.g. p. 1). The texts often end in a cul-de-lampe disposition. The lines are in certain cases followed by three points in red ink (see e.g. p. 62) .

A later hand added a table of contents to the manuscript in Latin on f. [ii] recto.

On pp. 277-537 there are not rubrics. A later hand added titles on p. 483 and p. 494.

On p. 1, in the upper and external margin, there are some annotations: B.9.8 (present shelfmark) and, erased with a line, C 4 27 .

On the left pastedown the present shelfmark has been written in red pencil.

16th/17th century western full leather binding, pasteboards. Golden tooling on both covers: arms of Silvius Elwes (see History) in an oval, on its two sides initials S. E.. The arms exhibit traces of color, red and blue. Gold tooling on the boards' edges. Edges are coloured in blue/green. On the spine, gold tooling with title Athanasii opera; in the upper, central and lower part are pasted three paper labels with the shelfmark. 345 250 80

The manuscript was copied by the scribe Michael, who was active in Italy, and another contemporary hand, around the middle of the 16th century.

The codex was owned by Silvius Elwes (ca. 1576-1638) Silvius Elwes (ca. 1576-1638) , Chaplain of Trinity College. It was donated by Silvius Elwes to the Trinity College Library between 1626 and 1630 (see P. Gaskell, Trinity College Library: the first 150 years (Cambridge, 1980), p. 234). On the lower part of p. 1 is pasted the Trinity College bookplate. On pp. 1 and 730 there are stamps of Trinity College Library. Description (2020) partly draws on M.R. James, The Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College Cambridge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1900), vol. 1, pp. 270-271.

****

The western manuscripts in the library of Trinity College: a descriptive catalogue M.R. James Cambridge 1 Cambridge University Press 1900 On some manuscripts of the writings of St. Athanasius: part I F. Wallis The Journal of Theological Studies os-III 9 97-109 1901 Untersuchungen zur Überlieferung der Schriften des Athanasius Hans-Georg Opitz Berlin Walter de Gruyter 1935 Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte 23 Scribes grecs de la Renaissance. Additions et corrections aux répertoires de Vogel-Gardthausen et de Patrinélis Paul Canart Scriptorium 17 56-82 1963 Repertorium der griechischen Kopisten, 800-1600. III. Rom mit dem Vatikan Ernst Gamillscheg Dieter Harlfinger Paolo Eleuteri Wien 1997 Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Byzantinistik Signa officinarum chartariarum in codicibus graecis saeculo sexto decimo fabricatis in bibliothecis hispaniae Mark L. Sosower Amsterdam Adolf M. Hakkert 2004 Athanasius Werke. Erster Band. Erster Teil. Die dogmatischen Schriften. 4. Lieferung: Epistulae I-IV ad Serapionem K. Savvidis Berlin ; New York 4. Lieferung De Gruyter 2010 Pseudo-Athanasius, De incarnatione contra Apollinarium: Einleitende Bemerkungen zur Handschriftlichen Überlieferung, hrsg von S.-P. Bergjan, B. Gleede, M. Heimgartner A. Capone Apollinarius und seine Folgen, Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum Tübingen 167-184 Mohr Siebeck 2015 Athanasius Werke. Erster Band. Erster Teil. Die dogmatischen Schriften. 5. Lieferung: Epistulae Dogmaticae Minores K. Savvidis Berlin ;Boston 5. Lieferung De Gruyter 2016 Library of Congress Subject Headings Theology Early works to 1800 Erika Elia