Supplementary Information Global impacts of invasive species on the tipping points of shallow lakes Sam A. Reynolds1*, David C. Aldridge1,2 1. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK. 2. BioRISC, St. Catharine’s College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, UK. *Corresponding author: sar87@cam.ac.uk, (+44) 07846003387 Supplementary Tables Supplementary Table 1. Database of references used for meta-analysis. This table contains a list of the authors, the titles, the focal Invasive Non-Native Species (INNS), taxonomic group of the INNS and the data source (G – Gallardo et al. 2016 1, and T - Tang 2020 2) of each publication included in this meta-analysis. Superscripts refer to references cited, which follow the table. Author Title INNS Taxonomic Group Data Source Akhurst DJ, Jones GB, Clark M, Reichelt-Brushett A Effects of fish and macrophytes on phytoplankton and zooplankton community structure in a subtropical freshwater reservoir 3 Gambusia holbrooki, Cyprinus carpio Fish, Fish T Albertson LK, Daniels MD Effects of invasive crayfish on fine sediment accumulation, gravel movement, and macroinvertebrate communities 4 Orconectes rusticus Crustacean T Angeloni NL, Jankowski KJ, Tuchman NC, Kelly JJ Effects of an invasive cattail species (Typha glauca) on sediment nitrogen and microbial community composition in a freshwater wetland 5 Typha glauca Plant G Angradi TR, Hagan SM, Able KW Vegetation type and the intertidal macroinvertebrate fauna of a brackish marsh: Phragmites vs. Spartina 6 Phragmites australis Plant T Atalah J, Kelly-Quinn M, Irvine K, Crowe TP Impacts of invasion by Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) on the performance of macroinvertebrate assessment tools for eutrophication pressure in lakes 7 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Back CL, Holomuzki JR, Klarer DM, Whyte RS Herbiciding invasive reed: Indirect effects on habitat conditions and snail- algal assemblages one year post- application 8 Phragmites australis Plant G Badiou PHJ, Goldsborough LG Ecological impacts of an exotic benthivorous fish, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), on water quality, sedimentation, and submerged macrophyte biomass in wetland mesocosms 9 Cyprinus carpio Fish T Bajer PG, Sullivan G, Sorensen PW Effects of a rapidly increasing population of common carp on vegetative cover and waterfowl in a recently restored Midwestern shallow lake 10 Cyprinus carpio Fish G Baranowska KA, North RL, Winter JG, Dillon PJ Long-term seasonal effects of dreissenid mussels on phytoplankton in Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada 11 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Barbiero RP, Rockwell DC Changes in the crustacean communities of the central basin of Lake Erie during the first full year of the Bythotrephes longimanus invasion12 Bythotrephes longimanus Crustacean G Bassett IE, Paynter Q, Beggs JR Invertebrate community composition differs between invasive herb alligator weed and native sedges 13 Alternanthera philoxeroides Plant G Beekey MA, McCabe DJ, Marsden JE Zebra mussel colonisation of soft sediments facilitates invertebrate communities 14 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Beisner BE, Ives AR, Carpenter SR The effects of an exotic fish invasion on the prey communities of two lakes15 Osmerus mordax Fish G Bially A, Macisaac HJ Fouling mussels (Dreissena spp.) colonize soft sediments in Lake Erie and facilitate benthic invertebrates 16 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Bogacka-Kapusta E, Kapusta A Spatial and diurnal distribution of cladocera in beds of invasive Vallisneria spiralis and open water in heated lake 17 Vallisneria spiralis Plant G Bonello JE, Judd KE Plant community recovery after herbicide management to remove Phragmites australis in Great Lakes coastal wetlands 18 Phragmites australis Plant T Botts PS, Patterson BA, Schloesser DW Zebra mussel effects on benthic invertebrates: physical or biotic? 19 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Bourdeau PE, Pangle KL, Peacor SD The invasive predator Bythotrephes induces changes in the vertical distribution of native copepods in Lake Michigan 20 Bythotrephes longimanus Crustacean G Bowen KL, Johannsson OE Changes in zooplankton biomass in the Bay of Quinte with the arrival of the mussels, Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostiformis bugensis, and the predatory cladoceran, Cercopagis pengoi: 1975 to 2008 21 Dreissena polymorpha, D. rostiformis bugensis, Cercopagis pengoi Mollusc, Mollusc, Crustacean G Cardona L Trophic cascades uncoupled in a coastal marsh ecosystem 22 Gambusia holbrooki Fish T Carlsson NOL, Brönmark C, Hansson LA Invading herbivory: The golden apple snail alters ecosystem functioning in Asian wetlands 23 Pomacea canaliculata Mollusc G Carvalho F, Pascoal C, Cássio F, Sousa R Direct and indirect effects of an invasive omnivore crayfish on leaf litter decomposition 24 Procambarus clarkii Crustacean T Cheruvelil KS, Soranno PA, Madsen JD, Roberson MJ Plant architecture and epiphytic macroinvertebrate communities: The role of an exotic dissected macrophyte25 Myriophyllum spicatum Plant G Coetzee JA, Jones RW, Hill MP Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae), reduces benthic macroinvertebrate diversity in a protected subtropical lake in South Africa 26 Eichhornia crassipes Plant G Cuassolo F, Díaz Villanueva V, Modenutti B Litter decomposition of the invasive Potentilla anserina in an invaded and non-invaded freshwater environment of North Patagonia 27 Potentilla anserina Plant T da Silva LHS, Arcifa MS, Salazar-Torres G, Huszar VL de M Tilapia rendalli increases phytoplankton biomass of a shallow tropical lake 28 Tilapia rendalli Fish T De Winton MD, Taumoepeau AT, Clayton JS Fish effects on charophyte establishment in a shallow, eutrophic New Zealand lake 29 Several fish spp. Fish G Driver PD, Closs GP, Koen T The effects of size and density of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) on water quality in an experimental pond 30 Cyprinus carpio Fish G Dzialowski AR Invasive zebra mussels alter zooplankton responses to nutrient enrichment 31 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Ercoli F, Ruokonen TJ, Erkamo E, Jones RI, Hämäläinen H Comparing the effects of introduced signal crayfish and native noble crayfish on the littoral invertebrate assemblages of boreal lakes 32 Pacifastacus leniusculus Crustacean T Ercoli F, Ruokonen TJ, Koistinen S, Jones RI, Hämäläinen H The introduced signal crayfish and native noble crayfish have different effects on sublittoral macroinvertebrate assemblages in boreal lakes 33 Pacifastacus leniusculus Crustacean T Figueredo CC, Giani A Ecological interactions between nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.) and the phytoplanktonic community of the furnas reservoir (Brazil) 34 Oreochromis niloticus Fish G Fischer JR, Krogman RM, Quist MC Influences of native and non-native benthivorous fishes on aquatic ecosystem degradation 35 Cyprinus carpio Fish G Foster SE, Sprules WG Effects of the Bythotrephes invasion on native predatory invertebrates 36 Bythotrephes longimanus Crustacean G Gezie A, Assefa WW, Getnet B, Anteneh W, Dejen E, Mereta ST Potential impacts of water hyacinth invasion and management on water quality and human health in Lake Tana watershed, Northwest Ethiopia 37 Eichhornia crassipes Plant T Greenfield BK, Siemering GS, Andrews JC., Rajan M, Andrews SP, Spencer DF Mechanical Shredding of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): Effects on Water Quality in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta , California 38 Eichhornia crassipes Plant G Hager HA, Vinebrooke RD Positive relationships between invasive purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and plant species diversity and abundance in Minnesota wetlands39 Lythrum salicaria Plant G Hansen GJA, Hein CL, Roth BM, Vander Zanden MJ, Gaeta JW, Latzka AW, Carpenter SR Food web consequences of long-term invasive crayfish control 40 Orconectes rusticus Crustacean G Hayden B, Holopainen T, Amundsen PA, Eloranta AP, Knudsen R, Præbel K, Kahilainen KK Interactions between invading benthivorous fish and native whitefish in subarctic lakes 41 Perca fluvialitis, Gymnocephalus cernuus Fish, Fish G Haynes JM, Tisch NA, Mayer CM, Rhyne RS Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in southwestern Lake Ontario following invasion of Dreissena and Echinogammarus: 1983 to 2000 42 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Herrera-Martínez Y, Paggi JC, Garcia CB Cascading effect of exotic fish fry on plankton community in a tropical Andean high mountain lake: A mesocosm experiment 43 Oncorhynchus mykiss Fish T Hinchliffe C, Atwood T, Ollivier Q, Hammill E Presence of invasive Gambusia alters ecological communities and the functions they perform in lentic ecosystems 44 Gambusia spp Fish T Hogsden KL, Sager EP, Hutchinson TC The impacts of the non-native macrophyte Cabomba caroliniana on littoral biota of Kasshabog Lake, Ontario 45 Cabomba caroliniana Plant G Holmes TG, Tonn WM, Paszkowski CA Scrimgeour GJ Limited effects of non-native trout on microcrustacean zooplankton in boreal foothills lakes: Comparisons of stocked, unstocked, and fishless lakes46 Oncorhynchus mykiss Fish T Holomuzki JR, Klarer DM Invasive reed effects on benthic community structure in Lake Erie coastal marshes 47 Typha angustifolia, Phragmites australis Plant, Plant G Horvath TG, Martin KM, Lamberti GA Effect of zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, on macroinvertebrates in a lake-outlet stream 48 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Idrisi N, Mills EL, Rudstam LG, Stewart DJ Impact of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) on the pelagic lower trophic levels of Oneida Lake, New York 49 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Johnson PTJ, Olden JD, Solomon CT, Vander Zanden MJ, Interactions among invaders: community and ecosystem effects of multiple invasive species in an experimental aquatic system 50 Bellamya chinensis, Orconectes rusticus Mollusc, Crustacean G Kuhns LA, Berg MB Benthic invertebrate community responses to round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion in southern Lake Michigan 51 Neogobius melanostomus, Dreissena polymorpha Fish, Mollusc G Kloskowski J Impact of common carp Cyprinus carpio on aquatic communities: direct trophic effects versus habitat deterioration 52 Cyprinus carpio Fish G Knapp RA, Matthews KR, Sarnelle O Resistance and resilience of alpine lake fauna to fish introductions 53 Several fish spp. Fish G Knight JC, O’Malley BP, Stockwell JD Lake Champlain offshore benthic invertebrate community before and after zebra mussel invasion 54 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc T Kolosovich AS, Chandra S, Saito L, Davis CJ, Atwell L Short-term survival and potential grazing effects of the New Zealand mudsnail in an uninvaded Western Great Basin watershed 55 Potamopyrgus antipodarum Mollusc G Laguna C, López-Perea JJ, Viñuela J, Florín M, Feliu J, Chicote Á, Cirujano S, Mateo R Effects of invasive fish and quality of water and sediment on macrophytes biomass, and their consequences for the waterbird community of a Mediterranean floodplain 56 Cyprinus carpio Fish T Lancelotti J, Marinone MC, Roesler I Rainbow trout effects on zooplankton in the reproductive area of the critically endangered hooded grebe 57 Oncorhynchus mykiss Fish T Larochelle M, Dumont P, Lavoie C, Hatin D Varying effects of common reed invasion on early life history of Northern Pike 58 Phragmites australis Plant T Lawrence BA, Bourke K, Lishawa SC, Tuchman NC Typha invasion associated with reduced aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance in northern Lake Huron coastal wetlands 59 Typha glauca Plant T Leyse KE, Lawler SP, Strange T Effects of an alien fish, Gambusia affinis, on an endemic California fairy shrimp, Linderiella occidentalis: Implications for conservation of diversity in fishless waters 60 Gambusia affinis Fish G Linares MS, Callisto M, Marques JC Invasive bivalves increase benthic communities complexity in neotropical reservoirs 61 Corbicula fluminea, Limnoperna fortunei Mollusc, Mollusc T Lodge DM, Kershner MW, Aloi JE, Covich AP Effects of an omnivorous crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) on a freshwater littoral food web 62 Orconectes rusticus Crustacean G Lozano SJ, Scharold J V, Nalepa TF Recent declines in benthic macroinvertebrate densities in Lake Ontario 63 Dreissena spp. Mollusc G Maezono Y, Miyashita T Impact of exotic fish removal on native communities in farm ponds 64 Micropterus salmoides Fish G Matsuzaki SIS, Usio N, Takamura N, Washitani I Contrasting impacts of invasive engineers on freshwater ecosystems: An experiment and meta-analysis 65 Cyprinus carpio, Procambarus clarkii Fish, Crustacean G Menezes RF, Attayde JL, Lacerot G, KostenS, Coimbra e Souza L, Costa LS, van Nes EH, Jeppesen E Lower biodiversity of native fish but only marginally altered plankton biomass in tropical lakes hosting introduced piscivorous Cichla cf. ocellaris 66 Cichla ocellaris Fish G Mines CH, Ghadouani A, Legendre P, Yan ND, Ivey GN Examining shifts in zooplankton community variability following biological invasion 67 Bythotrephes longimanus Crustacean G Mörtl M, Rothhaupt KO Effects of adult Dreissena polymorpha on settling juveniles and associated macroinvertebrates 68 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Nalepa TF, Fanslow DL, Lansing MB, Lang GA Trends in the benthic macroinvertebrate community of Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, 1987 to 1996: Responses to phosphorus abatement and the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha 69 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Nienhuis S, Haxton TJ, Dunkley TC An empirical analysis of the consequences of zebra mussel invasions on fisheries in Inland, freshwater lakes in Southern Ontario70 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc T Nystrom P, Bronmark C, Graneli W Influence of an exotic and a native crayfish species on a littoral benthic community 71 Several fish spp., Pacifastacus leniusculus, Oncorhynchus mykiss Fish, Crustacean, Fish G Ozersky T, Barton DR, Evans DO Fourteen years of dreissenid presence in the rocky littoral zone of a large lake: Effects on macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity 72 Dreissena spp. Mollusc G Ozersky, T Barton, DR. Hecky, RE. Guildford, SJ. Dreissenid mussels enhance nutrient efflux, periphyton quantity and production in the shallow littoral zone of a large lake 73 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Pelicice FM, Agostinho AA Fish fauna destruction after the introduction of a non-native predator (Cichla kelberi) in a Neotropical reservoir 74 Cichla kelberi Fish G Peters JA, Lodge DM Habitat, predation, and coexistence between invasive and native crayfishes: Prioritizing lakes for invasion prevention 75 Orconectes rusticus Crustacean G Pothoven SA, Höök TO, Nalepa TF, Thomas M V, Dyble J Changes in zooplankton community structure associated with the disappearance of invasive alewife in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron 76 Alosa pseudoharengus Fish G Preston DL, Henderson JS, Johnson PTJ Community ecology of invasions: Direct and indirect effects of multiple invasive species on aquatic communities 77 Gambusia holbrooki Fish G Rakauskas V, Šidagytė E, Kesminas V, Kaminskas O Can the invasive New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) threaten fisheries of temperate lakes? A case study from lake Dusia, Lithuania78 Potamopyrgus antipodarum Mollusc T Rakauskas V, Šidagyte E, Butkus R, Garbaras A Effect of the invasive New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) on the littoral macroinvertebrate community in a temperate mesotrophic lake 79 Potamopyrgus antipodarum Mollusc T Reed T, Wielgus SJ, Barnes AK, Schiefelbein JJ, Fettes AL Refugia and local controls: Benthic invertebrate dynamics in lower Green Bay, Lake Michigan following zebra mussel invasion 80 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Reissig M, Trochine C, Queimaliños C, Balseiro E, Modenutti B Impact of fish introduction on planktonic food webs in lakes of the Patagonian Plateau 81 Several fish spp. Fish G Ricciardi A, Whoriskey FG, Rasmussen JB The role of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in structuring macroinvertebrate communities on hard substrata 82 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Rivera Vasconcelos F, Menezes RF, Attayde JL Effects of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) on the plankton community of a tropical reservoir during and after an algal bloom 83 Oreochromis niloticus Fish T Rösch R, Baer J, Brinker A Impact of the invasive three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) on relative abundance and growth of native pelagic whitefish (Coregonus wartmanni) in Upper Lake Constance84 Gasterosteus aculeatus Fish T Ruokonen TJ, Karjalainen J, Hämäläinen H Effects of an invasive crayfish on the littoral macroinvertebrates of large boreal lakes are habitat specific 85 Pacifastacus leniusculus Crustacean T Ruokonen TJ, Ercoli F, Hämäläinen H Are the effects of an invasive crayfish on lake littoral macroinvertebrate communities consistent over time? 86 Pacifastacus leniusculus Crustacean T Scharfy D, Eggenschwiler H, Olde Venterink H, Edwards PJ, Güsewell S The invasive alien plant species Solidago gigantea alters ecosystem properties across habitats with differing fertility 87 Solidago gigantea Plant G Schilling EG, Loftin CS, Huryn AD Effects of introduced fish on macroinvertebrate communities in historically fishless headwater and kettle lakes 88 Salvelinus fontinalis, Several fish spp. Fish, Fish G Schrank AJ, Lishawa SC Invasive cattail reduces fish diversity and abundance in the emergent marsh of a Great Lakes coastal wetland 89 Typha spp. Plant T Shulse CD, Semlitsch RD, Trauth KM Mosquitofish dominate amphibian and invertebrate community development in experimental wetlands 90 Gambusia affinis Fish G Shurin JB, Cottenie K, Hillebrand H Spatial autocorrelation and dispersal limitation in freshwater organisms 91 Lepomis macrochirus Fish G Stewart TW, Haynes JM Benthic macroinvertebrate communities of southwestern Lake Ontario following invasion of Dreissena 92 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusc G Strecker AL, Arnott SE Invasive predator, Bythotrephes, has varied effects on ecosystem function in freshwater lakes 93 Bythotrephes longimanus Crustacean G Strecker AL, Arnott SE, Yan ND, Girard R Variation in the response of crustacean zooplankton species richness and composition to the invasive predator Bythotrephes longimanus 94 Bythotrephes longimanus Crustacean G Strecker AL, Beisner BE, Arnott SE, Paterson AM, Winter JG, Johannsson OE, Yan ND Direct and indirect effects of an invasive planktonic predator on pelagic food webs 95 Bythotrephes longimanus Crustacean G Tumolo BB, Flinn MB Top-down effects of an invasive omnivore: detection in long-term monitoring of large-river reservoir chlorophyll-a 96 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Fish T Volta P, Jeppesen E, Leoni B, Campi B, Sala P, Garibaldi L, Lauridsen TL, Winfield IJ Recent invasion by a non-native cyprinid (common bream Abramis brama) is followed by major changes in the ecological quality of a shallow lake in southern Europe 97 Abramis brama Fish G Waajen GWAM, Van Bruggen NCB, Pires LMD, Lengkeek W, Lürling M Biomanipulation with quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) to control harmful algal blooms in eutrophic urban ponds 98 Dreissena rostriformis bugensis Mollusc T Wilson SJ, Ricciardi A Epiphytic macroinvertebrate communities on Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) and native milfoils Myriophyllum sibericum and Myriophyllum alterniflorum in eastern North America 99 Myriophyllum spicatum Plant G Wittmann ME, Chandra S, Reuter JE, Caires A, Schladow SG, Denton M Harvesting an invasive bivalve in a large natural lake: species recovery and impacts on native benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in Lake Tahoe, USA 100 Corbicula fluminea Mollusc G Yuckin S, Rooney R Significant increase in nutrient stocks following Phragmites australis invasion of freshwater meadow marsh but not of cattail marsh 101 Phragmites australis Plant T Zambrano L, Perrow MR, Macías-García C, Aguirre-Hidalgo V Impact of introduced carp (Cyprinus carpio) in subtropical shallow ponds in Central Mexico 102 Cyprinus carpio Fish G Zhu, B., Kopco J, Rudstam LG Effects of invasive European frogbit and its two physical control methods on macroinvertebrates 103 Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Plant T References 1. 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Fish Species Cyprinus carpio Salvelinus fontinalis Gambusia affinis Oncorhynchus mykiss Gymnocephalus cernuus Micropterus salmoides Gambusia holbrooki Micropterus sp. Lepomis macrochirus Cichla ocellaris Neogobius melanostomus Cichla kelberi Procambarus clarkii Oreochromis niloticus Abramis brama Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Alosa pseudoharengus Gambusia spp Perca fluvialitis Tilapia rendalli Osmerus mordax Gasterosteus aculeatus Plant Species Alternanthera philoxeroides Lythrum salicaria Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Cabomba caroliniana Ludwigia grandiflora Solidago gigantea Myriophyllum aquaticus Eichhornia crassipes Gambusia affinis Phalaris arundinacea Typha angustifolia Typha sp. Phragmites australis Urochloa subquadripara Myriophyllum spicatum Potentilla anserina Vallisneria spiralis Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Typha glauca Molluscs Dreissena polymorpha Potamopyrgus antipodarum Bellamya chinensis Dreissena rostriformis bugensis Corbicula fluminea Limnoperna fortunei Pomacea canaliculata Crustaceans Procambarus clarkii Pacifastacus leniusculus Orconectes rusticus Cercopagis pengoi Bythotrephes longimanus Dikerogammarus villosus Supplementary Table 3. Summary of results for the sensitivity analyses and publication bias. Change indicates if after removing potential outliers the outcome of the analysis was significantly different. The symbol “-” denotes effects excluded from the analysis due to their being <5 cases available. Effect size metric Random-effects model (before) Potential publication bias test Outliers Random-effects model (after) n SMD ±95% CI z-value p-value n n SMD ±95% CI Change Impacts of invasive fish Plants 16 -1.1516 0.7564 -0.2853 0.7754 2 14 -1.3033 0.7454 No Fish 9 -0.5046 1.2588 -0.4 0.6892 1 8 -0.6481 1.0184 No Phytoplankton 37 0.6894 0.5437 -3.0404 0.0024 2 35 0.6038 0.5428 No Zooplankton 64 -0.0838 0.4703 2.0037 0.0451 9 55 0.008 0.3806 No Benthic Invertebrates 21 -1.2005 0.6276 0.9909 0.3218 2 19 -1.1824 0.6159 No Nutrients 44 0.7405 0.5108 -1.9322 0.0533 4 40 0.6342 0.4099 No Impacts of invasive plants Plants 8 0.9703 1.8713 -0.7353 0.4622 2 6 0.2886 1.158 No Fish 4 - - - - - - - - - Phytoplankton 2 - - - - - - - - - Zooplankton 1 - - - - - - - - - Benthic Invertebrates 27 -0.5229 0.7107 0.9393 0.3476 0 27 -0.5229 0.7107 No Nutrients 17 0.5608 0.7789 0.9211 0.357 4 13 0.4236 0.5809 No Impacts of invasive molluscs Plants 2 - - - - - - - - - Fish 4 - - - - - - - - - Phytoplankton 19 -0.7542 0.6571 0.6598 0.5094 0 19 -0.7542 0.6571 No Zooplankton 16 -1.8529 2.3082 3.4177 0.0006 6 10 -1.5186 1.8405 No Benthic Invertebrates 35 1.0943 0.8833 1.1965 0.2315 7 28 1.3144 0.6949 No Nutrients 12 0.0544 1.2872 2.768 0.0056 0 12 0.0544 1.2872 No Impacts of invasive crustaceans Plants 6 -1.7791 1.5036 2.3006 0.0214 0 6 -1.7791 1.5036 No Fish 0 - - - - - - - - - Phytoplankton 11 0.1744 0.682 -0.6978 0.4853 0 11 0.1744 0.682 No Zooplankton 10 -0.9612 0.9331 2.1538 0.0313 2 8 -0.7958 0.7917 No Benthic Invertebrates 48 -0.2769 0.5236 -3.4834 0.0005 2 46 -0.3048 0.4767 No Nutrients 5 -0.6191 1.1608 1.4746 0.1403 0 5 -0.6191 1.1608 No Supplementary Methods Collation of publications and inclusion criteria Tang et al., (2020 [PhD Thesis]) collated additional published literature in order to supplement the publicly available database published by Gallardo et al., 2016(Gallardo et al., 2016). Tang et al., (2020[PhD Thesis]) implemented a literature search, following the methodology outlined by Gallardo et al., (2016), on Scopus (http://www.scopus.com/) for the terms: (invas* OR alien OR non-native OR exotic) AND (lake OR river OR estuary OR wetland OR reservoir) AND (impact OR effect). An additional 3092 potential records published between 24 February 2014 and 30 December 2019 were considered for inclusion. Tang et al., (2020 [PhD Thesis]) used the following criteria, in alignment with Gallardo et al., (2016), for including additional records in the dataset: First, the study focused on taxa, including all animals, plants (including phytoplankton), and micro-organisms such as bacteria that spend any stage of their life cycle in freshwater water; Second, only field studies were included; Third, only studies that quantitatively compared control and experimental treatments or conditions were included; Fourth, only studies that reported measurements of mean, variability around the mean, and the numbers of replicates were included. After this criteria screening, Tang et al., (2020[PhD Thesis]) identified an additional 51 studies that assessed the impact of aquatic invasive species in freshwaters. Therefore, the final dataset with all published data collated up until 30 December 2019 contained 920 observations, across 167 studies for 68 invasive non-native species. Collation of dataset For each of the additional articles, Tang et al., (2020 [PhD Thesis]), used the following criteria to extract data into the database for meta-analysis, in line with those implemented by Gallardo et al., (2016): 1. When multiple experimental treatments (e.g. several INNS and densities of INNS), control treatments (e.g. native species vs. no species), habitat types, and sampling locations were examined separately within the same article, they were entered into the database as separate observations (i.e. each observation was a row in the combined database), as each of these represents different observations of ecological impact. 2. When response variables were measured at multiple time points, only the data from the first and last available sampling events were used. 3. For studies reporting native community measures, such as abundance and diversity, and data on individual native species, data on community measures were extracted along with data on the two most abundant or focal native species. 4. Impacts of INNS were classified using the following metrics: abundance (comprising density, biomass, and coverage), richness (such as species richness and the Shannon and the Simpson indices), biogeochemical elements (including total nitrogen, nitrate, ammonia, and organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, and phosphate), organic matter, and pollution (including water turbidity and heavy metal concentration). 5. When multiple recipient community measures were reported (e.g., species richness and the Shannon and the Simpson indices), species richness was extracted. 6. Mean and variation around the mean (e.g. standard deviations, standard errors, or confidence intervals) of the response variables were extracted from tables, text from the published paper, or by using the program WebPlotDigitizer (https://automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizer/) when data were only shown in plots. 7. The type of invaders was also classified for each INNS by its trophic position into five major groups: primary producer, herbivore, omnivore, detritivore, and predator. 8. Given that many affected organisms were not reported at the species level, the type of organisms in recipient ecosystems were classified into seven functional (rather than trophic) groups following Gallardo et al. (2016): bird, fish, benthic invertebrate, zooplankton, phytoplankton, macroflora (i.e. vascular plants and seaweed), and microbe (i.e. bacteria and fungi).