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   <front>
      <journal-meta>
         <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nn</journal-id>
         <journal-id journal-id-type="coden">ancac3</journal-id>
         <journal-title-group>
            <journal-title>ACS Nano</journal-title>
            <abbrev-journal-title>ACS Nano</abbrev-journal-title>
         </journal-title-group>
         <issn publication-format="print">1936-0851</issn>
         <issn publication-format="electronic">1936-086X</issn>
         <publisher>
            <publisher-name>American Chemical Society</publisher-name>
         </publisher>
         <self-uri xlink:type="simple">www.acsnano.org</self-uri>
      </journal-meta>
      <article-meta>
         <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/acsnano.2c12869</article-id>
         <article-categories>
            <subj-group subj-group-type="document-type-name">
               <subject>Article</subject>
            </subj-group>
         </article-categories>
         <title-group>
            <article-title>Spinodal Decomposition
Method for Structuring Germanium–Carbon
Li-Ion Battery Anodes</article-title>
         </title-group>
         <contrib-group id="CONTRIB-GROUP-d14e22-autogenerated">
            <contrib contrib-type="author"
                     corresp="yes"
                     id="ath1"
                     xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">6427717</contrib-id>
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2533-2197</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Jo</surname>
                  <given-names>Changshin</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp"/>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
               <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath2" xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">6369590</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Wen</surname>
                  <given-names>Bo</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
               <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath3" xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">6427769</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Jeong</surname>
                  <given-names>Hyebin</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath4" xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">6600388</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Park</surname>
                  <given-names>Sul Ki</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath5" xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">4049113</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Son</surname>
                  <given-names>Yeonguk</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
               <xref rid="aff4" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author"
                     corresp="yes"
                     id="ath6"
                     xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">2458213</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>De Volder</surname>
                  <given-names>Michael</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="cor2" ref-type="corresp"/>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <aff id="aff1">
               <label>†</label>
               <institution content-type="dept" xlink:type="simple">Department
of Engineering</institution>, <institution-wrap>
                  <institution-id institution-id-type="Ringgold" specific-use="source:pplus">2152</institution-id>
                  <institution xlink:type="simple">University of Cambridge</institution>
               </institution-wrap>, <addr-line>17 Charles Babbage Road</addr-line>, <postal-code>CB3 0FS</postal-code>
               <city>Cambridge</city>, <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff2">
               <label>‡</label>
               <institution content-type="dept" xlink:type="simple">Graduate
Institute of Ferrous &amp; Energy Materials Technology (GIFT) and
Department of Chemical Engineering</institution>, <institution-wrap>
                  <institution-id institution-id-type="Ringgold" specific-use="source:pplus">34995</institution-id>
                  <institution xlink:type="simple">Pohang
University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)</institution>
               </institution-wrap>, <city>Pohang</city>
               <postal-code>37673</postal-code>, <country country="KR">Republic of Korea</country>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff3">
               <label>§</label>
               <institution content-type="dept" xlink:type="simple">Cambridge
Graphene Centre, Department of Engineering</institution>, <institution-wrap>
                  <institution-id institution-id-type="Ringgold" specific-use="source:pplus">2152</institution-id>
                  <institution xlink:type="simple">University of Cambridge</institution>
               </institution-wrap>, <addr-line>9 JJ Thomson Avenue</addr-line>, <city>Cambridge</city>
               <postal-code>CB3 0HE</postal-code>, <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff4">
               <label>∥</label>
               <institution content-type="dept" xlink:type="simple">Department
of Chemical Engineering</institution>, <institution xlink:type="simple">Changwon National
University</institution>, <city>Changwon</city>
               <postal-code>51140</postal-code>, <country country="KR">Republic of Korea</country>
            </aff>
         </contrib-group>
         <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
               <label>*</label>Email
for C.J.: <email xlink:type="simple">jochangshin@postech.ac.kr</email>.</corresp>
            <corresp id="cor2">
               <label>*</label>Email for M.D.V.: <email xlink:type="simple">mfld2@cam.ac.uk</email>.</corresp>
         </author-notes>
         <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
            <day>17</day>
            <month>04</month>
            <year>2023</year>
         </pub-date>
         <pub-date date-type="issue-pub">
            <day>09</day>
            <month>05</month>
            <year>2023</year>
         </pub-date>
         <volume>17</volume>
         <issue>9</issue>
         <fpage>8403</fpage>
         <lpage>8410</lpage>
         <supplementary-material xlink:href="nn2c12869_si_001.pdf"
                                 id="sifile1"
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         <history>
            <date date-type="received">
               <day>29</day>
               <month>12</month>
               <year>2022</year>
            </date>
            <date date-type="accepted">
               <day>13</day>
               <month>04</month>
               <year>2023</year>
            </date>
            <date date-type="rev-recd">
               <day>13</day>
               <month>04</month>
               <year>2023</year>
            </date>
            <date date-type="asap">
               <day>17</day>
               <month>04</month>
               <year>2023</year>
            </date>
         </history>
         <permissions>
            <copyright-statement>© 2023 American Chemical Society</copyright-statement>
            <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
            <copyright-holder>American Chemical Society</copyright-holder>
            <ali:free_to_read content-type="AuthorChoicev2" start_date="2023-04-18"/>
            <license xlink:type="simple">
               <ali:license_ref content-type="ccby4_0" start_date="2023-04-18" specific-use="VOR">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
            </license>
         </permissions>
         <abstract>
            <p>To increase the energy density of lithium-ion batteries
(LIBs),
high-capacity anodes which alloy with Li ions at a low voltage against
Li/Li<sup>+</sup> have been actively pursued. So far, Si has been
studied the most extensively because of its high specific capacity
and cost efficiency; however, Ge is an interesting alternative. While
the theoretical specific capacity of Ge (1600 mAh g<sup>–1</sup>) is only half that of Si, its density is more than twice as high
(Ge, 5.3 g cm<sup>–3</sup>; Si, 2.33 g cm<sup>–3</sup>), and therefore the charge stored per volume is better than that
of Si. In addition, Ge has a 400 times higher ionic diffusivity and
4 orders of magnitude higher electronic conductivity compared to Si.
However, similarly to Si, Ge needs to be structured in order to manage
stresses induced during lithiation and many reports have achieved
sufficient areal loadings to be commercially viable. In this work,
spinodal decomposition is used to make secondary particles of about
2 μm in diameter that consist of a mixture of ∼30 nm
Ge nanoparticles embedded in a carbon matrix. The secondary structure
of these germanium–carbon particles allows for specific capacities
of over 1100 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> and a capacity retention of
91.8% after 100 cycles. Finally, high packing densities of ∼1.67
g cm<sup>–3</sup> are achieved in blended electrodes by creating
a bimodal size distribution with natural graphite.</p>
         </abstract>
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         </abstract>
         <kwd-group>
            <kwd>lithium ion batteries</kwd>
            <kwd>anodes</kwd>
            <kwd>germanium</kwd>
            <kwd>carbon</kwd>
            <kwd>spinodal decomposition</kwd>
         </kwd-group>
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                  <institution-wrap>
                     <institution>H2020 European Research Council</institution>
                     <institution-id institution-id-type="doi">10.13039/100010663</institution-id>
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         <funding-group>
            <award-group id="fnd-2">
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                  <institution-wrap>
                     <institution>National Research Foundation of Korea</institution>
                     <institution-id institution-id-type="doi">10.13039/501100003725</institution-id>
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               </funding-source>
               <award-id>2021M3D1A2043806</award-id>
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