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   <front>
      <journal-meta>
         <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nl</journal-id>
         <journal-id journal-id-type="coden">nalefd</journal-id>
         <journal-title-group>
            <journal-title>Nano Letters</journal-title>
            <abbrev-journal-title>Nano
Lett.</abbrev-journal-title>
         </journal-title-group>
         <issn publication-format="print">1530-6984</issn>
         <issn publication-format="electronic">1530-6992</issn>
         <publisher>
            <publisher-name>American Chemical Society</publisher-name>
         </publisher>
         <self-uri xlink:type="simple">pubs.acs.org/NanoLett</self-uri>
      </journal-meta>
      <article-meta>
         <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03679</article-id>
         <article-categories>
            <subj-group subj-group-type="document-type-name">
               <subject>Letter</subject>
            </subj-group>
         </article-categories>
         <title-group>
            <article-title>Low Area Specific Resistance La-Doped Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanocomposite Thin Film Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel
Cell Applications</article-title>
         </title-group>
         <contrib-group id="CONTRIB-GROUP-d14e27-autogenerated">
            <contrib contrib-type="author"
                     corresp="yes"
                     id="ath1"
                     xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">6553479</contrib-id>
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3076-2992</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Lovett</surname>
                  <given-names>Adam J.</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp"/>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
               <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author"
                     corresp="yes"
                     id="ath2"
                     xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">3634230</contrib-id>
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2632-0160</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Wells</surname>
                  <given-names>Matthew P.</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="cor2" ref-type="corresp"/>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath3" xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">6260281</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Zhang</surname>
                  <given-names>Yizhi</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath4" xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">6520855</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Song</surname>
                  <given-names>Jiawei</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath5" xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">1814466</contrib-id>
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2224-5768</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Miller</surname>
                  <given-names>Thomas S.</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ath6" xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">3500374</contrib-id>
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-1209</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>Wang</surname>
                  <given-names>Haiyan</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author"
                     corresp="yes"
                     id="ath7"
                     xlink:type="simple">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="paragon-plus" authenticated="true">2988910</contrib-id>
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4987-6620</contrib-id>
               <name name-style="western">
                  <surname>MacManus-Driscoll</surname>
                  <given-names>Judith L.</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="cor3" ref-type="corresp"/>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
            </contrib>
            <aff id="aff1">
               <label>†</label>
               <institution content-type="dept" xlink:type="simple">Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy</institution>, <institution-wrap>
                  <institution-id institution-id-type="Ringgold" specific-use="source:pplus">2152</institution-id>
                  <institution xlink:type="simple">University
of Cambridge</institution>
               </institution-wrap>, <addr-line>27 Charles Babbage Road</addr-line>, <city>Cambridge</city>, <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>, <postal-code>CB3 0FS</postal-code>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff2">
               <label>‡</label>
               <institution content-type="dept" xlink:type="simple">Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering</institution>, <institution-wrap>
                  <institution-id institution-id-type="Ringgold" specific-use="source:pplus">4919</institution-id>
                  <institution xlink:type="simple">University College London</institution>
               </institution-wrap>, <addr-line>Torrington Place</addr-line>, <city>London</city>, <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>, <postal-code>WC1E
7JE</postal-code>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff3">
               <label>§</label>
               <institution content-type="dept" xlink:type="simple">School
of Materials Engineering</institution>, <institution-wrap>
                  <institution-id institution-id-type="Ringgold" specific-use="source:pplus">311308</institution-id>
                  <institution xlink:type="simple">Purdue University</institution>
               </institution-wrap>, <addr-line>701 West Stadium Avenue</addr-line>, <city>West Lafayette</city>, <state>Indiana</state>
               <postal-code>47907-2045</postal-code>, <country>United States</country>
            </aff>
         </contrib-group>
         <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
               <label>*</label>Email: <email xlink:type="simple">adam.lovett@ucl.ac.uk</email>
            </corresp>
            <corresp id="cor2">
               <label>*</label>Email: <email xlink:type="simple">mpw52@cam.ac.uk</email>
            </corresp>
            <corresp id="cor3">
               <label>*</label>Email: <email xlink:type="simple">jld35@cam.ac.uk</email>
            </corresp>
         </author-notes>
         <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
            <day>26</day>
            <month>11</month>
            <year>2024</year>
         </pub-date>
         <pub-date date-type="issue-pub">
            <day>11</day>
            <month>12</month>
            <year>2024</year>
         </pub-date>
         <volume>24</volume>
         <issue>49</issue>
         <fpage>15575</fpage>
         <lpage>15581</lpage>
         <supplementary-material xlink:href="nl4c03679_si_001.pdf"
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         <history>
            <date date-type="received">
               <day>30</day>
               <month>07</month>
               <year>2024</year>
            </date>
            <date date-type="accepted">
               <day>21</day>
               <month>11</month>
               <year>2024</year>
            </date>
            <date date-type="rev-recd">
               <day>21</day>
               <month>11</month>
               <year>2024</year>
            </date>
            <date date-type="asap">
               <day>26</day>
               <month>11</month>
               <year>2024</year>
            </date>
         </history>
         <permissions>
            <copyright-statement>© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society</copyright-statement>
            <copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
            <copyright-holder>The Authors</copyright-holder>
            <ali:free_to_read content-type="AuthorChoicev2" start_date="2024-11-26"/>
            <license xlink:type="simple">
               <ali:license_ref content-type="ccby4_0" start_date="2024-11-26" specific-use="VOR">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
            </license>
         </permissions>
         <abstract>
            <p>In the context of
solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), vertically aligned
nanocomposite (VAN) thin films have emerged as a leading material
type to overcome performance limitations in cathodes. Such VAN films
combine conventional cathodes like La<sub>
                  <italic toggle="yes">x</italic>
               </sub>Sr<sub>1–<italic toggle="yes">x</italic>
               </sub>Co<sub>
                  <italic toggle="yes">y</italic>
               </sub>Fe<sub>1–<italic toggle="yes">y</italic>
               </sub>O<sub>3</sub> (LSCF)
and La<sub>1–x</sub>Sr<sub>
                  <italic toggle="yes">x</italic>
               </sub>MnO<sub>3</sub> (LSM) together with highly O<sup>2–</sup> ionic conducting
materials including yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) or doped CeO<sub>2</sub>. Next-generation SOFCs will benefit from the exceptionally
high ionic conductivity (1 S cm<sup>–1</sup> at 730 °C)
of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-based materials. Therefore, an opportunity
exists to develop Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-based VAN cathodes.
Herein, we present the first growth and characterization of a Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-based VAN cathode, containing epitaxial La-doped
Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (LDBO) columns embedded in a LSM matrix.
Our novel VANs exhibit low area specific resistance (ASR) (8.3 Ω
cm<sup>2</sup> at 625 °C), representing ∼3 orders of magnitude
reduction compared to planar LSM. Therefore, by demonstrating a high-performance
Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-based cathode, this work provides an important
foundation for future Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-based VAN SOFCs.</p>
         </abstract>
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         <kwd-group>
            <kwd>energy materials</kwd>
            <kwd>ion conductivity</kwd>
            <kwd>nanocomposite</kwd>
            <kwd>solid oxide
fuel cell</kwd>
            <kwd>epitaxial thin film</kwd>
            <kwd>bismuth oxide</kwd>
         </kwd-group>
         <funding-group>
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                  <institution-wrap>
                     <institution>Division of Materials Research</institution>
                     <institution-id institution-id-type="doi">10.13039/100000078</institution-id>
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