CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL UNIT Richard Newman Archaeological Monitoring Antony Gormley’s Free Object Trinity College, Cambridge Antony Gormley’s Free Object Trinity College, Cambridge Archaeological Monitoring Richard Newman With contributions by Craig Cessford and Dave Webb and graphics by Bryan Crossan © Cambridge Archaeological Unit University of Cambridge Department of Archaeology January 2018 Report No. 1382 ECB 5323 ii Summary Archaeological monitoring was undertaken during the installation of a concrete foundation located on the west bank of the River Cam opposite Trinity College’s Wren Library. The foundation is to support Free Object, the latest sculpture in Antony Gormley’s Blockwork series, which is on loan to the college as part of its celebrations for the 700th anniversary of the foundation of King’s Hall. Excavation to a depth of 0.75m revealed the presence of 18th- and 19th-century made-ground deposits associated with landscaping activity. Below this, borehole observations indicate the presence of an extensive alluvial and paleochannel sequence extending a further 5.7m in depth. 3 INTRODUCTION This report presents the results of archaeological monitoring that was conducted by the Cambridge Archaeological Unit (CAU) in the North Paddock of Trinity College, Cambridge between the 25th and 26th of September 2017. A single trench, measuring 2.2m by 2.2m in extent, was excavated at this time. This was subsequently infilled with reinforced concrete in order to provide a solid foundation upon which a large sculpture could be installed. The trench itself, which is centred on TL 4452 5862, is situated around four metres back from the edge of the River Cam (Figure 1); a location benefitting from a commanding view of Trinity College’s nearby late 17th-century Wren Library as well as the wider vista of the Cambridge Backs. The present phase of monitoring – which was commissioned by Trinity College, Cambridge – followed on from an initial borehole investigation that was conducted in May 2017 (Dickens and Webb 2017); the results of this latter project have been tabulated in Appendix 1 at the end of this report. Once completed, the foundation has been used to support Free Object; the latest sculpture by Antony Gormley in his ongoing Blockwork series. Standing 2.5 times life size, Free Object has been cast in ductile iron – a type of graphite-rich cast iron first discovered in 1943 – and is composed of nineteen individual blocks, cast together as a single piece. The relation of each block, held in tension with the others, combines to reveal the presence of a dynamic figure (see cover image). In future the surface of the sculpture will continue to oxidise in relation to the local environment, thereby cementing its relationship to the surrounding space. Notably, two other sculptures by Antony Gormley are already present in Cambridge. DAZE IV is located at the University's Sedgwick Site while Earthbound: Plant (2002) – an inverted human figure only the soles of which are exposed above ground – is installed at the MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Free Object itself is on loan to Trinity College for twelve months as part of the celebrations for the 700th anniversary of the founding of King’s Hall; a medieval college that preceded Trinity upon its present site. Once the loan period is complete, the sculpture will be removed but the foundation will remain to be used for future installations. Methodologically, the project followed the written scheme of investigation prepared by the CAU (Dickens 2017). Stripping was undertaken by a mechanical excavator with a 1.0m wide toothless bucket under archaeological supervision. All deposits that were exposed by this work were then recorded using the CAU-modified version of the MoLAS system (Spence 1994). Base plans were drawn at a scale of 1:20, whilst sections were drawn at a scale of 1:10. A digital photographic archive was also compiled. Throughout the following text, context numbers are indicated by square brackets (e.g. [001]). All work was carried out with strict adherence to Health and Safety legislation and within the recommendations of FAME (Allen and Holt 2010). The sitecode for the investigation was TCS17 and the event number was ECB 5323. Milton R er C a GARRET HOSTEL LANE THE AVENUE The Avenue 0 metres 20 0 metres 100 Trinity Bridge Cambridge Trumpington Cherry Hinton Trinity College Girton iv m The Backs Rive r C am Bi n Br oo k Rive r C am Nevile's Court New Court Trinity Hall (founded 1350) THE AVENUE (see below) WS - 02 A. B. WS - 03 2x2m TP WS - 01 (See Fig. 3 section) 544500 544500 258800 258700 258600 258600 544600 Figure 1. Site location 5 Topographically, the site is located on The Backs; a Grade I-listed Historic Park that extends along the western bank of the River Cam and encompasses the rear portions of several adjacent colleges (Robert Myers Associates 2007). The Holocene and earlier geological sequence of this river has been investigated in some detail (Boreham 2002; Boreham and Rolfe 2009; Boreham 2013). It rises from springs situated along a northwest-southeast aligned Cretaceous chalk ridge that is located to the southeast of the town. Valley gravels and alluvium cover the valley bottoms, while the surrounding terraces are formed from drift deposits. Chalk rivers have conditioned the topography of the surrounding area, and drain in a general north-easterly direction into the Fen Basin. The present ground surface at the base of sculpture, where the turf has been reinstated so as to conceal the concrete foundation beneath, lies at 6.49m AOD; the same height as the adjacent path running along the riverbank. Valley gravels were encountered at the base of borehole WS-03 at 0.04m AOD (see Appendix 1). Historical and Archaeological Background To date, only very limited evidence of prehistoric and Roman activity has been encountered in the general vicinity of the site. Instead, the focus was predominately centred around the Castle Hill area during this period, where a small Late Iron Age settlement situated on the summit of the hill was reorganised following the Roman conquest into a small town around which walls were erected in the early 4th century (Alexander and Pullinger 2000, 27-34; Evans and Ten Harkel 2010). A small suburb located in the Bridge Street area was also established during the Roman period, alongside a series of extramural settlements that formed a peripheral fringe around the town. Following the decline of the Roman town from the later 5th century onwards the level of occupation in the Cambridge area appears to have temporarily decreased, but by the mid- 9th century it is clear that some form of settlement had been re-established as this was occupied by the Viking Great Army in 875 and the region was incorporated into the Danelaw from c. 886 until its conquest by Edward the Elder in c. 917 (Cam 1934, 39; Lobel 1975, 3). Up until the mid-10th century, however, the town remained only a small ‘economically viable backwater’ (Hines 1999, 136). Yet following this date it emerged as a significant urban centre. By the late 10th century a mint had been established (Lobel 1975, 3) and Cambridge was being linked to a group of important trading centres including Norwich, Thetford and Ipswich (Fairweather 2005), thereby emphasising the central role played by river trade in its rapid economic growth. This new-found prosperity led to a period of rapid expansion, beginning in the 11th century, during which a series of churches were established along the newly laid-out medieval High Street; now Trinity Street/King’s Parade (Cam 1959, 123-32; Addyman and Biddle 1965, 94- 6). Work also began on draining the adjoining marshland beside the river, where a series of hythes, barge-pulls and quays were created. Thus, by the beginning of the 13th century, 6 Cambridge had emerged as the leading entrepôt in the county, through which goods and services were disseminated to many of the surrounding regional towns (Cam 1934, 43; Leader 1988, 11). At a more local level, within the area now occupied by the main core of Trinity College a pattern of bustling mercantile activity was established and a number of hythes and wealthy merchant’s houses were present at this date (Newman 2011; Newman 2016; Cessford in prep.). This pattern was to alter dramatically during the early 14th century, however. For in 1317 King’s Hall, a training school for royal clerks and bureaucrats, was founded at the site by Edward II (RCHM(E) 1959 vol. I, 209; Cobban 1969). Free Object is being erected as part of the septcentennial celebrations of this event. Subsequently, in 1324 the college of Michaelhouse was founded nearby by Hervey de Stanton, the Chancellor of the Exchequer to Edward II (Willis and Clark 1886 vol. II, 389-402; RCHM(E) 1959 vol. I, 209; see also Stamp 1924; Brand 2004; Loewe 2010). Michaelhouse comprised the second college to be founded in Cambridge, following the establishment of Peterhouse in 1280, and was notably the first to be located in what was soon to emerge as the principal ‘University Quarter’ of the town (see further Leader 1988; Leedham-Green 1996). Soon after, in 1337, King’s Hall itself was raised to the status of a college by Edward III. Indeed, throughout the 14th century, the area passed increasing from the possession of ‘town’ into ‘gown’, as both Michaelhouse and King’s Hall gradually expanded to occupy many of the surrounding properties, and a number of satellite hostels for fee-paying students were also established. This process of expansion culminated in 1546 with the establishment of Trinity College itself by King Henry VIII. Intended to be significantly larger than its predecessors, Trinity was designed to accommodate a Master and around one hundred Fellows and Scholars (RCHM(E) 1959 I, 209). The new college took possession of its present site in April or May 1546, at which time it was occupied by three halls (those of Michaelhouse, King’s Hall, and Physick Hostel) plus a chapel (belonging to King’s Hall) and the premises of six subordinate hostels (comprising Garret Hostel, Ovyng’s Inn, St Gregory’s Hostel, St Margaret’s Hostel, St Katharine’s Hostel and Tyled or Tyler’s Hostel) as well as a number of private properties (Willis and Clark 1886 vol. II, 389; RCHM(E) 1959 vol. I, 209-10). The majority of these pre- existing buildings were demolished and a piecemeal construction process began; Great Court and Nevile’s Court were completed during the 17th century, New Court and Whewell’s Court during the 19th century and Angel Court, the Wolfson Building and Blue Boar Court in the 20th century (see further Trevelyan 1943). The land lying to the west of the river that today comprises the North and South Paddocks was not part of Trinity College at its foundation. The earlier history of this area is obscure, although due to its wet, riverside locale the levels of activity being undertaken here are likely to have been very low. Initially part of the Cam’s alluvial floodplain, the area most probably remained an open water meadow during the Middle Ages. In the early post-medieval period it was owned partly by King’s College, partly by Corpus Christi College and partly by St 7 John’s College, all of whom leased it to a number of different occupiers including a butcher (Willis and Clark 1886 vol. II, 640). It nevertheless appears to have remained little used at this time, except probably for grazing livestock. The land was eventually purchased by Trinity College in 1663-64 with the intention of turning it into a landscaped garden, as the following order in the college archive shows: “14 May 1663. Agreed … yt ye Senior Bursar doe speedily enquire of ye Owners of ye Land by ye back Gate, that there may be a purchase made of it, and imployed for a place of Recreation” (Willis and Clark 1886 vol. II, 640). Renamed Trinity College Piece, the newly acquired area was bisected by an avenue of lime trees that were planted in 1671-72, thereby creating the two separate paddocks. The establishment of a recreation area in these spaces was evidently abandoned, however, as in David Loggan’s plan of 1688 few improvements are evident; a number of intersecting paths are present, but the meadows are shown as being devoid of trees. Landscaping activity first appears to have commenced in 1748-49, when “new Improvements behind the College” were recorded (Willis and Clark 1886 vol. II, 641). A series of Elm trees were then planted in 1757-58 and Trinity Bridge, designed by the architect James Essex, constructed in 1765, giving the area the character that it has retained to the present day. Trinity College’s gardens are now Grade II listed (record id: 3317). ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESULTS The results of this investigation can be divided into two parts. The first of these pertains to the foundation trench itself, which measured 2.2m by 2.2m in extent and 0.75m deep (Figures 2 and 3). Here a sequence of three successive layers was identified, the first two of which consisted of made-ground deposits first introduced during the 18th century. The second part pertains to the preliminary borehole investigation, which involved the monitoring of three window samples situated in close proximity to the trench (Figure 1). This work revealed the presence of a deep underlying sequence of alluviation/paleochannel deposits associated with the earlier geological history of the site. Within the foundation trench itself, three deposits were encountered. The uppermost of these, [001], consisted of a layer of modern humic topsoil measuring 0.22m thick. Below this was [002], a mixed pale greyish-brown silt deposit that contained a high quotient of pale brown friable sandy mortar and red brick fragment inclusions. Based upon its composition, this material – which contained a single sherd of mid to late 19th-century pottery – potentially represents construction/demolition debris that was generated elsewhere within the college and subsequently introduced into the North Paddock to assist with its stabilisation. It measured 0.14m thick. Finally, the lowest of the three deposits, [003], consisted of friable mid greyish-brown sandy silt with limestone, basalt and ceramic building material fragment inclusions. This layer, which was not bottomed, measured 0.42m thick and contained fragments of 18th-century clay tobacco pipe and vessel glass. The results of the preceding borehole investigation indicate that it continued a further 0.15m below the limit of excavation, where it sealed the uppermost horizon of an extensive alluvial sequence at 5.59m AOD. Figure 2. Photograph of boring in progress for concrete-piled foundation, facing northeast Figure 3. East-facing section of foundation trench (top), and photograph prior to introduction of concrete, facing west (bottom) [001] [002] [003] Made Ground Alluvial sequence 6.00mAOD S N A. B. Ceramic brick material0 metres 1 10 Due to the depth of the underlying deposits, four holes were bored in the corners of the foundation that were subsequently infilled with concrete; thereby underpinning the main raft of the foundation. Unfortunately, due to the nature of the methodology that was employed for their insertion (Figure 2), no data was recoverable from this process. Prior to the trench’s excavation, however, the insertion of three adjacent window samples – WS-01, WS-02 and WS-03 – was monitored and their results recorded (Dickens and Webb 2017; see also Appendix 1). Using this method of extraction, a core of sediment is recovered in a clear plastic sleeve that facilitates subsequent examination and sampling. The window samples revealed the presence of banded alluvial sediments overlying a probable paleochannel sequence that extended to a depth of at least 0.04m AOD. Extensive deposits of shell-rich dark bluish grey clay were identified that potentially relate to earlier iterations of the River Cam. MATERIAL CULTURE A small finds assemblage was recovered from the trench’s excavation (Figure 4). This included pottery, vessel glass and clay tobacco pipe fragments. Each of these material-types is discussed separately below. Ceramic A single sherd of pottery, weighing 10g, was recovered from made-ground layer [002]. This consisted of black transfer-printed Refined White Earthenware of probable mid to late 19th- century date that must post-date 1828. Glass A total of five shards of glass, weighing 627g, were recovered from made-ground layer [003]. All five consisted of fragments of vessel glass that were derived from a minimum of two vessels. Composed of dark green to black glass, both vessels were free blown and relatively squat in form, conforming to the general ‘onion’ type of utility bottle that was in use from the mid-17th to the early 19th centuries (Van den Bossche 2001; Hedges 2002). Bottles of this type – which were particularly common during the first half of the 18th century, the date at which these particular examples are most likely to have been produced – were most frequently used to hold wine, but could be employed for a variety of storage purposes. Clay tobacco pipe (with Craig Cessford) Four fragments of clay tobacco pipe, weighing 42g, were recovered from made-ground layer [003]. In general, the presence of clay tobacco pipe fragments in a context indicates a date between late 16th to early 20th centuries (c. 1580-1910). Bowls, however, can often be more closely dated via comparison to Oswald’s simplified general typology (1975). In this particular instance, only one bowl was present. This conforms to Oswald’s Type 10, which dates to c. 1700-1740. No maker’s marks or other form of decoration is present. Figure 4. A selection of 18th-century finds, including glass vessels and clay tobacco pipe fragments 0 5 10 centimetres 12 DISCUSSION When Trinity College first purchased the North Meadow, in 1663-64, borehole data indicates that the area was probably relatively wet, marsh-like and ‘unimproved’ in nature (see Appendix 1). This potentially represents a vestige of a very long-lived environmental pattern. For whilst the River Cam has been subject to significant change and modification along its length, around Cambridge itself its route is primarily the result of a Late Glacial incisional event into the Lower Cretaceous Gault Clay that remained relatively stable throughout the Holocene. Here, the river flows along a relatively constrained course, bounded by a mixture of deposits of gravel and bedrock. It flows northwards along the Backs until the geology around Magdalene Bridge creates a distinct ‘pinch point’, forcing it to loop to the east and south before it eventually resumes its northwards course (Cessford 2017, 63-4). In prehistoric times, along the Backs the Cam is likely to have comprised a relatively broad, slow-flowing and potentially highly braided river with a relatively wide flood plain (Boreham 2002). Subsequently, some degree of canalisation may have occurred during the Roman period but certainly took place from the 12th century onwards, when the eastern bank of the Cam became the focus of significant waterfront activity (Cam 1934, 43; Leader 1988, 11). Si te N am e R iv er B an k D is ta nc e B ac k fr om R iv er H ei gh t o f N at ur al (A .O .D .) D ep th o f A llu vi al Se qu en ce D at e ca pp ed R ef er en ce Gonville and Caius Boathouse West 3m 0.60m c. 3.60m 19th century? Newman 2008b Jesus Green and Midsummer Common East 5-50m 3.77- 4.69m 1.35m+ 17th century Davenport et al. 2008 24 Thompson’s Lane East 35m 2.97m 2.10m 14th century Newman 2008a WYNG Gardens East 65m c. 2.0m 1.40m+ 11th–12th century Cessford 2017 St. John’s College (Chapel Court and Master’s Garden) East 50m c. 4.20m c. 1.30m 13th century Dickens 1996 Trinity College, North Paddock West 4m c. 0.04m c. 5.50m 18th century This report Trinity Hall (New Library Extension) East c. 5m 3.03m 1.91m 16th century Alexander 1997 Clare College (Master’s Garden) West c. 90m 2.60m 3.40m 19th century Clarke 2002 Table 1. Riverside investigations in Cambridge, organised topographically from north to south 13 Notably, a clear pattern is discernible within the results of previous Cambridge riverside investigations between sites located on the Cam’s east and west banks (Table 1). This is because on the eastern, townward side of the river the alluvial sequence was typically ‘capped’ much earlier by anthropogenic made-ground deposits indicative of organised reclamation activity – particularly at urban sites such as WYNG Gardens and St John’s College Chapel Court and Master’s Garden – whereas to the west alluviation frequently continued into the 18th or even 19th century. It should be noted, however, that no detailed exposure of the sequence on the western side of the Backs has yet been investigated. Following the area’s acquisition by Trinity College a piecemeal process of landscape transformation commenced. During the late 17th century, broadly coeval with the erection of the college’s Wren Library, a raised avenue flanked by lime trees was installed, followed in the mid-18th century by the creation of the North and South Meadows themselves. These changes did not occur in isolation, however, but instead formed part of a wider pattern of contemporary reclamation and landscaping activity that occurred all across the Backs (see Robert Myers Associates 2007). From around the mid to late 16th century onwards numerous tree-lined avenues were planted on the eastern riverside, to the rear of several colleges, whilst during the 17th century a similarly formal, structured landscape was gradually expanded to the west of the river (Batey 1989; Brown 2002). Subsequently, during the 18th century, these formalised spatial subdivisions were softened somewhat by designers including Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown, who first created a wilderness to the rear of St John’s College and then in 1779 presented the University with an ambitious plan to remodel the entirety of Backs. Brown’s plan, which involved widening the Cam at great expense to create a serpentine lake and removing the bridges each college had erected, was not adopted. The present investigation, whilst very small in scale, has nevertheless revealed evidence relating to the date at which the North Meadow was reclaimed by Trinity College. It thus contributes to the growing discipline of garden archaeology. Whilst studies in this field have typically focused upon the analysis of relatively broad swathes of landscape (e.g. Taylor 1997; Everson and Williamson 1998; Currie 2005), significant contributions can also be made to the understanding of a garden’s history by small-scale trenches that reveal particular details of its date or form. In this instance, the work has shown that Free Object has been installed atop a series of made-ground deposits associated with the creation of a structured landscape in the mid-18th century; a period when the Romantic notion of the sublime came to dominate both artistic and physical expressions of landscape design. 14 Acknowledgments This project was commissioned by Trinity College Cambridge and was managed for the CAU by Alison Dickens. Monitoring of the foundation trench was undertaken by Richard Newman and monitoring of the window samples by Dave Webb. Photography was undertaken by Richard Newman and Dave Webb and the graphics were prepared by Bryan Crossan. We are grateful to Tim Waters, Capital Projects Manager of Trinity College, for his friendly assistance and to Craig Cessford for kindly commenting upon a draft of this text. 15 REFERENCES Addyman, P. and Biddle, M. 1965. ‘Medieval Cambridge: Recent Finds and Excavations’, in Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 58, 74-137. Alexander, J. and Pullinger, J. 1999. ‘Roman Cambridge: excavations 1954-1980’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 87, 1-268. Alexander, M. 1997. Excavations for the new library extension, Trinity Hall College, Cambridge. Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report No. 222. Allen, J. L. and Holt, A. 2010. Health and Safety in Field Archaeology. FAME. Batey, M. 1989. The Historic Gardens of Oxford and Cambridge. London: Macmillan. Boreham, S. 2002. The Pleistocene Stratigraphy and Palaeoenvironments of the Cambridge District. PhD thesis. Open University. Boreham, S. 2013. ‘The Geology of the Wicken Vision Area, lower Cam valley, Cambridgeshire, UK’, Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 92, 47–59. Boreham, S. and Rolfe, C.J. 2009. ‘Holocene, Weichselian Late‐glacial and earlier Pleistocene deposits of the upper Cam valley at the Hinxton Genome Campus, Cambridgeshire, UK’, Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 88, 117–25. British Geological Survey. 1976. Cambridge: Sheet 188. Southampton: Ordnance Survey. Brand, P. 2004. ‘Stanton, Hervey (c. 1260–1327)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press [http://www.oxforddnb.com.ipac. cambridgeshire.gov.uk/ view/article/26326, accessed 12 Nov 2010]. Brown, J. 2002. Trinity College: A Garden History. Cambridge: Trinity College. Cam, H. M. 1934. ‘The Origin of the Borough of Cambridge: A Consideration of Professor Carl Stephenson's Theories’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 35, 33-53. Cam, H. M. 1959. ‘The City of Cambridge’, in Roach, J. P. C. (ed.) A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely, Volume III: the City and the University of Cambridge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1-149. Cessford, C. 2017. ‘Riparian Cambridge: archaeological excavations near the River Cam at WYNG Gardens, Thompson’s Lane and Elsewhere’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 106, 61-88. Cessford, C. in prep. Trinity College Library Bookstore, Cambridge: an archaeological excavation. Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report. Clarke, A. 2002. An Archaeological Evaluation in the Master's Garden of Clare College. Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report No. 496. 16 Cobban, A. B. 1969. The King's Hall within the University of Cambridge in the later Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Currie, C. 2005. Garden Archaeology: A Handbook. York: Council for British Archaeology. Davenport, B., Newman, R. and Slater, A. 2008. The Cambridge 33kv Reinforcement Cable Route: an archaeological watching brief, 2004-2008. Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report No. 834. Dickens, A. 1996. Archaeological excavations at St. John’s College, Cambridge. Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report No. 175. Dickens, A. 2017. Written Scheme of Investigation for the installation of a statue base at Trinity College, Cambridge. Unpublished Cambridge Archaeological Unit document. Dickens, A. and Webb, D. 2017. A Note on Archaeological Observations of Boreholes at Trinity College Backs. Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report No. 1368. Evans, C. and Ten Harkel, L. 2010. ‘Roman Cambridge’s Early Settlement and Via Devana: Excavations at Castle Street’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 99, 35-60. Everson, P. and Williamson, T. 1998. ‘Gardens and Designed Landscapes’, in Everson, P. and Williamson, T. (ed’s) The Archaeology of Landscape. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 139-165. Fairweather, J. (ed.) 2005. Liber Eliensis: A History of the Isle of Ely from the Seventh Century to the Twelfth, compiled by a Monk of Ely in the Twelfth Century. Woodbridge: Boydell. Hedges, A.A.C. 2002. Bottles and Bottle Collecting. Buckingham: Shire Publications. Hines, J. 1999. ‘The Anglo-Saxon Archaeology of the Cambridge Region and the Middle Anglian Kingdom’, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 10, 135-89. Leader, D. R. 1988. A History of the University of Cambridge, Volume I: the University to 1546. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Leedham-Green, E. 1996. A Concise History of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lobel, M. D. 1975. The Atlas of Historic Towns, Volume II: Bristol; Cambridge; Coventry; Norwich. Aldershot: The Scholar Press. Loewe, A. 2010. ‘Michaelhouse: Hervey de Stanton’s Cambridge Foundation’, Church History and Religious Culture 90, 579-608. Newman, R. 2008a. 24 Thompson’s Lane, Cambridge: an archaeological investigation. Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report No. 809. Newman, R. 2008b. Gonville and Caius Boathouse, Cambridge: an archaeological watching brief. Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report No. 821. 17 Newman, R. 2011. Trinity College Kitchens, Cambridge: an archaeological excavation and watching brief. Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report No. 1000. Newman, R. 2016. New Court, Trinity College, Cambridge: an archaeological investigation. Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report No. 1303. Oswald, A. 1975. Clay Pipes for the Archaeologist. British Archaeological Reports British Series No. 14. RCHM(E) 1959. An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the City of Cambridge (Two Volumes). London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Robert Myers Associates, 2007. The Backs, Cambridge: Landscape Strategy. Unpublished background document. Spence, C. 1994. Archaeological Site Manual. London: MoLAS (3rd edition). Stamp, A. E. 1924. Michaelhouse: Notes on the History of Michaelhouse, Published on the 600th Anniversary of the Foundation of the Society by Hervey de Stanton. Cambridge: privately printed. Taylor, C. 1997. ‘The place of analytical fieldwork in garden archaeology’, Journal of Garden History 17, 18-25. Trevelyan, G. M. 1943. Trinity College: an Historical Sketch. Cambridge: Trinity College. Van den Bossche, W. 2001. Antique glass bottles: their history and evolution (1500-1850). Suffolk: Antique Collectors Club. Willis, R. and Clark, J. W. 1886. The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge and of the Colleges of Cambridge and Eton (3 volumes). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 18 APPENDIX 1: WINDOW SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS by Dave Webb WS-01 Depth Description 0.00 – 0.25m Lawn. Top soil with very dark greyish brown humic silty sand with moderate frequency of small sub angular gravel inclusions, moderately sorted 0.25 – 0.90m Made-ground. Very dark grey sandy clay with frequent inclusions of small to medium sub angular gravel, red brick fragments, yellow brick fragments, yellow sandstone, occasional clunch fragments, pale sandy mortar, poorly sorted. Bottle glass recovered from core sample. At 0.80-0.90m more frequent ‘cobbles’ 0.90 – 1.00m Very dark grey fine sandy clay with occasional frequency of small angular gravel inclusions, well sorted 1.00 – 1.25m Greyish brown fine sandy clay with occasional small to medium sub angular gravel inclusions, moderately sorted. Very soft clay 1.25 – 1.70m Brownish grey fine sandy clay with moderate frequency of small to medium sub angular gravel inclusions, moderately sorted. Soft clay 1.70 – 2.00m Blueish grey clay with occasional small rounded chalk fragments and moderate frequency of small shell fragments, well sorted. Firm clay. Upper part of layer has slightly sandy texture with slight increase in gravel inclusions and occasional burnt/ decayed organic material however no distinct interface or horizon distinguishing layers 2.00 – 3.45m Very soft clay with “pocket” of water WS-02 Depth Description 0.00 – 0.25m Lawn. Top soil with very dark greyish brown humic silty sand with moderate frequency of small sub angular gravel inclusions, moderately sorted 0.25 – 0.50m Dark greyish brown sandy clay with moderate frequency of small to medium sub angular gravel inclusions with occasional red brick fragments, poorly sorted 0.50 – 0.85m Made-ground. Very dark grey fine sandy clay with frequent inclusions of small to medium sub angular gravel, red brick fragments, yellow brick fragments, yellow sandstone, occasional clunch fragments, pale sandy mortar, occasional lumps of firm grey clay, poorly sorted. Ceramic material recovered, small sherds of possible medieval pot 0.85 – 1.00m Very dark grey fine sandy clay with occasional frequency of small angular gravel inclusions, well sorted 1.00 – 1.25m Greyish brown fine sandy clay with occasional small to medium sub-angular gravel inclusions, moderately sorted. Very soft clay 1.25 – 1.65m Brownish grey fine sandy clay with moderate frequency of small to medium sub angular gravel inclusions, moderately sorted. Soft clay 1.75 – 3.45m Blueish grey clay with occasional small rounded chalk fragments and moderate frequency of small shell fragments, well sorted. Firm clay 19 WS-03 Depth Description 0.00 – 0.25m Lawn. Top soil with very dark greyish brown humic silty sand with moderate frequency of small sub angular gravel inclusions, moderately sorted 0.25 – 0.90m Made-ground. Very dark grey fine sandy clay with frequent inclusions of small to medium sub angular gravel, red brick fragments, yellow brick fragments, yellow sandstone, occasional clunch fragments, pale sandy mortar, poorly sorted. Bottle glass recovered from core sample 0.90 – 1.00m Very dark grey fine sandy clay with occasional frequency of small angular gravel inclusions, well sorted 1.00 – 1.55m Greyish brown fine sandy clay with occasional small to medium sub angular gravel inclusions, moderately sorted. Very soft clay 1.40 - 1.55m Above material with lens of decayed brick and mortar fragments - contamination? 1.55 – 2.50m Blueish grey clay with occasional small rounded chalk fragments and moderate frequency of small shell fragments, well sorted. Upper zone contains decayed organic fragments. Lower zone slightly greener in colour 2.50 – 4.00m Dark blueish grey clay, clay with occasional small rounded chalk fragments and moderate frequency of small shell fragments. Soft clay. Slight changes occur but no distinct horizons or interfaces. Middle zone bluer grey with less shell. Lower zone darker grey with occasional organic material (plant roots?) 4.00 – 4.80m Dark grey clay, clay with sparse frequency small rounded chalk fragments and sparse frequency of small shell fragments and with occasional organic material. Soft clay 4.80 – 4.90m Distinct band of dark grey brown near black silty humic clay with sparse small rounded gravel inclusions 4.90 – 5.50m Greenish grey coarse sandy clay with frequent small to medium angular gravel inclusions, moderately sorted 5.50 – 6.45m Yellowish brown clayey sand with very frequent small to medium sub angular gravel inclusions gravel – water table reached 20 APPENDIX 2: OASIS FORM OASIS ID: cambridg3-306299 Project details Project name Antony Gormley's Free Object, Trinity College, Cambridge Short description of the project Archaeological monitoring was undertaken during the installation of a concrete foundation located on the west bank of the River Cam opposite Trinity College's Wren Library. The foundation is to support Free Object, the latest sculpture in Antony Gormley's Blockwork series, which is on loan to the college as part of its celebrations for the 700th anniversary of the foundation of King's Hall. Excavation to a depth of 0.75m revealed the presence of 18th- and 19th-century made-ground deposits associated with landscaping activity. Below this, borehole observations indicate the presence of an extensive alluvial and paleochannel sequence extending a further 5.5m in depth. Project dates Start: 25-09-2017 End: 26-09-2017 Previous/future work Yes / Not known Any associated project reference codes ECB5323 - HER event no. Any associated project reference codes TCS17 - Sitecode Type of project Recording project Site status English Heritage List of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest Current Land use Other 14 - Recreational usage Monument type MADE-GROUND Post Medieval Significant Finds GLASS Post Medieval Significant Finds CLAY TOBACCO PIPE Post Medieval Investigation type ''Field observation'',''Watching Brief'' Prompt Voluntary/self-interest Project location Country England Site location CAMBRIDGESHIRE CAMBRIDGE CAMBRIDGE Antony Gormley’s Free Object Trinity College, Cambridge Postcode CB2 1TQ Study area 4.4 Square metres Site coordinates TL 4452 5862 52.206402749415 0.115219428082 52 12 23 N 000 06 54 E Point Height OD / Depth Min: 0.04m Max: 0.04m Project creators Name of Organisation Cambridge Archaeological Unit Project brief originator Self (i.e. landowner, developer, etc.) Project design originator Alison Dickens Project director/manager Alison Dickens Project supervisor Richard Newman Type of sponsor/funding body Developer 21 Name of sponsor/funding body Trinity College, Cambridge Project archives Physical Archive recipient Cambridgeshire County Archaeology Store Physical Archive ID TCS17 Physical Contents ''Ceramics'',''Glass'',''other'' Digital Archive recipient Cambridgeshire County Archaeology Store Digital Archive ID TCS17 Digital Contents ''other'' Digital Media available ''Images raster / digital photography'',''Spreadsheets'',''Text'' Paper Archive recipient Cambridgeshire County Archaeology Store Paper Archive ID TCS17 Paper Contents ''other'' Paper Media available ''Context sheet'',''Photograph'',''Plan'',''Section'',''Unpublished Text'' Project bibliography Publication type Grey literature (unpublished document/manuscript) Title Antony Gormley's Free Object, Trinity College, Cambridge: Archaeological Monitoring Author(s)/Editor(s) Newman, R. Other bibliographic details Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report No. 1382 Date 2018 Issuer or publisher Cambridge Archaeological Unit Place of issue or publication Cambridge Description An A4 wire-bound document wit ha plastic laminate cover. It is 20 pages long and has four illustrations. Also a PDF file of the same. Entered by Richard Newman (rn276@cam.ac.uk) Entered on 16 January 2018