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<article dtd-version="1.3" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><front xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:c="http://ns.iop.org/namespaces/content" xmlns:date="http://ns.iop.org/namespaces/functions/date" xmlns:m="http://ns.iop.org/namespaces/meta" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jcap</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="en">J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1475-7516</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IOP Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ad3fa7</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1088/1475-7516/2025/01/141</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">ad3fa7</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="other">JCAP_011P_0124</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="special"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="collection-name">Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) survey Year 1 results</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="collection-id">jcap-240419-01</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Synthetic spectra for Lyman-<italic toggle="yes">α</italic> forest analysis in the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9136-9609</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Herrera-Alcantar</surname><given-names>Hiram K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation01">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3565-0148</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Muñoz-Gutiérrez</surname><given-names>Andrea</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation02">2</xref><email>andreamgtz@ciencias.unam.mx</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8289-1481</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>Ting</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation03">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation04">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4089-6924</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>González-Morales</surname><given-names>Alma X.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation01">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation05">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3033-7312</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Font-Ribera</surname><given-names>Andreu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation06">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9822-6793</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Guy</surname><given-names>Julien</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation07">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2733-4559</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Moustakas</surname><given-names>John</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation08">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8828-5463</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Kirkby</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation09">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7600-5148</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Armengaud</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9964-1005</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Bault</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation09">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cabayol-Garcia</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation06">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9553-4261</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Chaves-Montero</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation06">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2169-0595</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Cuceu</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation11">11</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="note1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" 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name-style="western"><surname>Doel</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation24">24</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2890-3725</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Forero-Romero</surname><given-names>J.E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation26">26</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation27">27</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gaztañaga</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation28">28</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation29">29</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation30">30</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3142-233X</contrib-id><name 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xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1838-8528</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Landriau</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation07">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1887-1018</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Levi</surname><given-names>Michael E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation07">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4962-8934</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Manera</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation06">6</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation32">32</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4279-4182</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Martini</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation11">11</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation14">14</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1125-7384</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Meisner</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation33">33</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Miquel</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation06">6</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation34">34</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6590-8122</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Nie</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation35">35</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3188-784X</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Palanque-Delabrouille</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation10">10</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation07">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Poppett</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation07">7</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation36">36</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation37">37</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5589-7116</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Rezaie</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation38">38</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation39">39</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9646-8198</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Sanchez</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation40">40</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6588-3508</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Seo</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation41">41</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1704-0781</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Tarlé</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation42">42</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Weaver</surname><given-names>B.A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation33">33</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><contrib-id authenticated="false" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4135-0977</contrib-id><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation35">35</xref></contrib><aff id="affiliation01">
               <label>1</label>Departamento de Física, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, 37150, León, Guanajuato, <country>México</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation02">
               <label>2</label>Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 20-364, <country>México</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation03">
               <label>3</label>Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, LPNHE, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, <country>France</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation04">
               <label>4</label>CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binétruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3, Berkeley, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation05">
               <label>5</label>Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582. Colonia Credito Constructor, Del. Benito Juarez C.P. 03940, México D.F., <country>México</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation06">
               <label>6</label>Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona, <country>Spain</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation07">
               <label>7</label>Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation08">
               <label>8</label>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Siena College, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, NY 12211, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation09">
               <label>9</label>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, 92697, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation10">
               <label>10</label>IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, <country>France</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation11">
               <label>11</label>Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation12">
               <label>12</label>Universidad ECCI, Cra. 19 No. 49-20, Bogotá, <country>Colombia</country>, Código Postal 111311</aff><aff id="affiliation13">
               <label>13</label>Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, <country>U.K.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation14">
               <label>14</label>Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 4055 McPherson Laboratory, 140 W 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation15">
               <label>15</label>Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation16">
               <label>16</label>The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 OH, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation17">
               <label>17</label>Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, <country>China</country>, 100190</aff><aff id="affiliation18">
               <label>18</label>Instituto Avanzado de Cosmología A.C., San Marcos 11 – Atenas 202. Magdalena Contreras, 10720. Ciudad de México, <country>México</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation19">
               <label>19</label>Departament de Física, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, c/Eduard Maristany 10, 08930 Barcelona, <country>Spain</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation20">
               <label>20</label>Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, <country>France</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation21">
               <label>21</label>Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstrasse 2, D-85748 Garching, <country>Germany</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation22">
               <label>22</label>University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81677 München, <country>Germany</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation23">
               <label>23</label>Physics Dept., Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation24">
               <label>24</label>Department of Physics &amp; Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, <country>U.K.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation25">
               <label>25</label>Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Utah, 115 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation26">
               <label>26</label>Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio Ip, CP 111711, Bogotá, <country>Colombia</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation27">
               <label>27</label>Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio H, CP 111711 Bogotá, <country>Colombia</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation28">
               <label>28</label>Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, <country>Spain</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation29">
               <label>29</label>Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, <country>U.K.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation30">
               <label>30</label>Institute of Space Sciences, ICE-CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08913 Bellaterra, Barcelona, <country>Spain</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation31">
               <label>31</label>Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, TX 75275, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation32">
               <label>32</label>Departament de Física, Serra Húnter, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), <country>Spain</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation33">
               <label>33</label>NSF's NOIRLab, 950 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation34">
               <label>34</label>Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, <country>Spain</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation35">
               <label>35</label>National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A20 Datun Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, <country>P.R. China</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation36">
               <label>36</label>Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation37">
               <label>37</label>University of California, Berkeley, 110 Sproul Hall #5800 Berkeley, CA 94720, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation38">
               <label>38</label>Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 116 Cardwell Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation39">
               <label>39</label>Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, <country>Korea</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation40">
               <label>40</label>CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, <country>Spain</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation41">
               <label>41</label>Department of Physics &amp; Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff><aff id="affiliation42">
               <label>42</label>University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, <country>U.S.A.</country>
            </aff></contrib-group><author-notes><fn id="note1"><label>43</label><p>NASA Einstein Fellow.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>01</day><month>1</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>1</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="open-access"><day>30</day><month>1</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>2025</volume><issue>01</issue><elocation-id content-type="artnum">141</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>3</day><month>1</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>3</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2025 The Author(s)</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><license license-type="cc-by" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>
                  <graphic content-type="online" orientation="portrait" position="float" xlink:href="https://content.cld.iop.org/journals/1475-7516/2025/01/141/revision2/ccby.gif" xlink:type="simple"/>Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of Sissa Medialab. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" xlink:type="simple">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence</ext-link>. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://content.cld.iop.org/journals/1475-7516/2025/01/141/revision2/jcap_2025_01_141.pdf?Expires=1738852949&amp;Signature=EZuWTmXKwvz8vtvYpTXGdV7qM-klY5RG1J1y7bzgDYvapKCYRztqDZDTmR99AMTI3uWGfF0Nw-YTmccmew-HHOZm~Nvox7y-npf~NIz7LbFJ5VIRKc8BBPhfipr23VEvQwwNaxIp~sc2DsHxGcadL-QWjU~25IWav2zYou~55sLbIRFBSWGVoXnWTeEhjJR2HeT01~tae1mxpKhyn7mwXtzpU3hQjNMizc8T0PF8FrhHzICcaaX8EgCWKrvOYp-czPIcYSQcP3OBCOGO0mKXjYEbXExBFX0HQkwd42S-QgXvZkPT25hKqndUgH6oRqTAuQ9ZbZczEc9Up2D1wDeeiQ__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=KL1D8TIY3N7T8" xlink:type="simple"/><abstract><title>Abstract</title><p>Synthetic data sets are used in cosmology to test analysis procedures, to verify that systematic errors are well understood and to demonstrate that measurements are unbiased. In this work we describe the methods used to generate synthetic datasets of Lyman-α quasar spectra aimed for studies with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). In particular, we focus on demonstrating that our simulations reproduces important features of real samples, making them suitable to test the analysis methods to be used in DESI and to place limits on systematic effects on measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO).
 We present a set of mocks that reproduce the statistical properties of the DESI early data set with good agreement. Additionally, we use a synthetic dataset to forecast the BAO scale constraining power of the completed DESI survey through the Lyman-<italic toggle="yes">α</italic> forest.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>baryon acoustic oscillations</kwd><kwd>cosmological simulations</kwd><kwd>Lyman alpha forest</kwd><kwd>redshift  surveys</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="48"/></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>arxivppt</meta-name><meta-value>2401.00303</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></article>