1 Supplementary Information (NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION) Appendix A Example of Excluded Political Advertisement We exclude speech specimens containing deliberate political advertisement, which are much shorter than those in our dataset and have a particular structure, usually heavily regulated (e.g., the candidate always must endorse the message by stating they β€œapprove” it). Such political advertisements are usually not informative as their main goal is to attract attention to the candidate to encourage voters to look for more information about the candidate rather than to state the candidate’s point of view. Such political advertisement often also include content from other people. We present two examples of political advertisement for Hillary Clinton below: Example 1: 2 Example 2: 3 Appendix B Table B1 List of Female Leaders in the Originally Mined Dataset (includes all US and non-US leaders) Abby Finkenauer Aung San Suu Kyi Carmen Perez Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner Abby Kelley Foster Aurelia E. Brazeal Carol Bellamy Crystal Eastman Ada Deer Ayanna Pressley Carol Browner Cynthia A McKinney Adelle Hazlett Ayoola Obe Carol Molnau Cynthia M Lummis Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Barbara A. Goodno Carol Moseley Braun Cynthia M. Patterson Alexandrina Rusu Barbara B Kennelly Carol Shea-Porter Daisy Bates Alexis Herman Barbara Bush Caroline Kennedy Dale S. Brown Alice M. Rivlin Barbara Comstock Carolyn B Maloney Dale Spender Alice Paul Barbara Coombs Lee Carolyn McCarthy Dalia Grybauskaite Alicia Garza Barbara Cubin Carrie Chapman Catt Dana Loesch Alison Lundergan Grimes Barbara Dooley Carrie P. Meek Darlene K Hooley Aliza Sherman Barbara Ehrenreich Catherine Bertini Deb Fischer Allee Willis Barbara Jordan Catherine Cortez Masto Debbie A Stabenow Allyson Schwartz Barbara L Boxer Catherine Jay Didion Debbie Dingell Alma Adams Barbara Lawton Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge Debbie Halvorson Alva Myrdal Barbara Lee Cathy Cleaver Deborah Blum Amata Coleman Radewagen Barbara McClintock Cathy McMorris Rodgers Deborah Morris Amelia Earhart Barbara Mikulski Cecile Richards Deborah Y. Parker Amsatou Sow Sidibe Barbara O'Brien Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga Debra Stewart Amy Kaslow Barbara P Bush Charlene Barshefsky Denise Levertov Amy Klobuchar Barbara S. Cochran Charlotte B Nelson Diana Aviv Amy Kremer Becky Cain Charlotte Bunch Diana DeGette Amy McGrath Becky S Skillman Charlotte van Rappard- Boon Diana Princess of Wales Andrea Dworkin Begum Khaleda Zia Chellie M Pingree Diane Black Andrea L. Ireland Bella Abzug Chelsea Clinton Diane Denish Angela D Merkel Benazir Bhutto Cheri Bustos Diane Nash Angelina Grimke Weld Bernadine Healy Cherie Blair Diane P. Wood Anita Borg Bertha von Suttner Christiane Amanpour Diane Watson Anita Hill Bethany Hall-Long Christiane Nuesslein- Volhard Dianne Feinstein Anita Jones Betty A Ford Christina D Romer Dilma Rousseff Anita Roddick Betty Friedan Christine Gregoire Dina Titus Ann Coulter Betty McCollum Christine Lagarde Dolores Huerta Ann Kirkpatrick Betty S Sutton Christine Todd Whitman Donna Christensen Ann M. Veneman Betty Shabazz Cindy A. Cohn Donna Edwards Ann Marie Buerkle Betty Williams Cindy Axne Donna Shalala Ann McLane Kuster Beverly E Perdue Cindy H McCain Doris Kearns Goodwin Ann Richards Beverly O'Neill Claire McCaskill Doris Matsui Ann Wagner Billie Jean King Claire Wolfe Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Anna Eshoo Blanche Lambert Lincoln Clare Boothe Luce Dorothy Denning Anna Howard Shaw Bonnie Kestner Clare Short Dorothy Height Anna Kelton Wiley Bonnie Watson Coleman Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Johnson Dr. Kathleen C. Bailey Anna Lindh Brenda Laurel Claudia Tenney Dr. Rita Colwell Anne C. Petersen Brenda Lawrence Cokie Roberts Eddie Bernice Johnson Anne K. Bingaman Bronwyn Bishop Colleen Hanabusa Eileen B. Claussen Anne M Mulcahy Brooke Astor Condoleezza Rice Eileen Collins Annie Sprinkle Callie Khouri Constance A. Morella Eilene Galloway Antonia Novello Camille Paglia Constance Yai Elaine L Chao Arundhati Roy Candice Miller Corazon Aquino Elaine Scruggs Atifete Jahjaga Candy Crowley Coretta Scott King Eleanor Baum Audrey McLaughlin Carly Fiorina Courtney Love Eleanor Holmes Norton 4 Table B1 continued Eleanor Roosevelt Frances Moore Lappe Ingrid Newkirk Jill Biden Eleanor Smeal Frances Perkins Irene Joliot-Curie Jo Ann Harris Elena Kagan Frances Willard Isabella Beecher Hooker Jo Jorgensen Elisabeth Showalter Muhlenfeld Frances Wright Ivanka Trump Joan Brown Campbell Elise Stefanik Frederica Wilson Iveta Radicova Joan Claybrook Elizabeth "Betsy" DeVos Gabrielle Giffords J.K. Rowling Joan Ruddock Elizabeth "Liz" Cheney Gale Norton Jacinda Ardern Jody Williams Elizabeth Cady Stanton Geraldine A Ferraro Jackie Speier Joni Ernst Elizabeth Dole Gertrude B. Elion Jackie Walorski Josephine M. D'Antonio Elizabeth Dowdeswell Geun-hye Park Jacklyn "Jacky" Rosen Joy Hakim Elizabeth Esty Gill Marcus Jacqueline E McGhee Joyce Banda Elizabeth Glaser Gina Raimondo Jacquelynn Davis Joyce Beatty Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Ginette Hemley Jadranka Kosor Joyce C. Lashof Elizabeth H Roberts Ginny Brown-Waite Jaime Herrera Beutler Joycelyn Elders Elizabeth McAlister Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Jamie Gorelick Juanita Millender- McDonald Elizabeth Warren Gloria Shatto Jamie Rappaport Clark Judith A. Best Ella Baker Gloria Steinem Jan Brewer Judith Crist Ella T. Grasso Golda Meir Jan Schakowsky Judith E. Heumann Ellen DeGeneres Grace Meng Jane Addams Judith L. Palkovitz Ellen Greenlee Grace Napolitano Jane Alexander Judith Lichtman Ellen Hancock Greta Thunberg Jane Butler Kahle Judith Rich Harris Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Gretchen Driskell Jane Dee Hull Judith Rodin Ellen S. Hurwitz Gretchen Whitmer Jane Fonda Judith Wallerstein Ellen Tauscher Gro Harlem Brundtland Jane Harman Judy Biggert Elousie Cobell Gwen Graham Janet A Napolitano Judy Chu Emily Cain Gwen Ifill Janet G. Bostwick Julia Brownley Emily Greene Balch Gwen Moore Janet Jagan Julia Gillard Emma Goldman Haley Stevens Janet Mills Julia Taft Emma Gonzalez Hanan Al-Shaykh Janet Reno Julia Ward Howe Emma Watson Hattie Caraway Janet Southby Kamala Harris Emmeline Pankhurst Hazel O'Leary Janet Yellen Kamla Persad-Bissessar Erica Jong Heidi Heitkamp Janice Hahn Karen Bass Erna Solberg Helen Alvare Janice Shaw Crouse Karen Hughes Ernestine L. Rose Helen Boosalis Jari Askins Karen M. Torres Ester Dyson Helen Chenoweth Jean A. Wright Karen Pence Eva Clayton Helen E Clark Jean M Schmidt Karyn Polito Eva Persson Goransson Helen Gahagan Douglas Jeane J Kirkpatrick Kate Michelman Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf Helen Gurley Brown Jeanne Diebolt Katha Pollitt Evelyn Sanquinetti Helen Hamilton Gardener Jeanne Hurley Simon Katharine T. Bartlett Faith Ringgold Helen Keller Jeanne Shaheen Katherine "Kate" Brown Fannie Lou Hamer Helen Prejean Jenean Hampton Katherine Clark Faye Wattleton Helle Thorning-Schmidt Jennifer Carroll Katherine Lund Hicks Florence J. Harriman Mrs Henry Weddington Jennifer Dunn Katherine O'Regan Florence Kelley Herta Muller Jennifer Long Katherine P. Prescott Fran Ulmer Hilda Solis Jennifer M Granholm Kathie Lee Gifford France Anne Cordova Hillary Rodham Clinton Jenniffer Gonzalez Kathleen B Blanco Frances "Fannie" Barrier Williams Ida B Wells Jenny Beth Martin Kathleen Kennedy Townsend Frances "Sissy" Farenthold Ida H. Harper Jenny Horne Kathleen Rice Frances D. Gage Ilhan Omar Jenny Shipley Kathleen Sebelius Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Indira Gandhi Jessica Gonzalez-Rojas Kathleen Sullivan 5 Table B1 continued Kathryn Fuller Lois Frankel Marine Le Pen Michele Reagan Kathy A Dahlkemper Lois J. Schiffer Marion C. Blakey Micheline Calmy-Rey Kathy Castor Loretta Lynch Marjorie Dannenfelser Michelle Bachelet Kathy Hochul Loretta Sanchez Marsha Blackburn Michelle Lujan Grisham Katie Louchheim Louise Arbour Marsha Rosenbaum Michelle Nowlin Katie McGinty Louise Frechette Martha Krebs Michelle Nunn Katrin Jakobsdottir Louise M Slaughter Martha McSally Michelle Obama Katrina Pierson Lucille Roybal-Allard Martha Roby Mimi Walters Kay Bailey Hutchison Lucinda Davis Mary A. Safford Molly Corbett Broad Kay Granger Lucretia Mott Mary Anderson Molly Ivins Kay Hagan Lucy McBath Mary Bono Monica Wehby Kay Ivey Lucy Stone Mary Brown Bullock Morgan Carroll Kazimira Prunskiene Luisa D Diogo Mary Burke Mother Teresa Keli Carender Lupe Valdez Mary Burnett Talbert Mrs. Asha Das Kelli Ward Lyn Stinson Mary Carter Smith Mrs. Hak Ja Han Moon Kelly Ayotte Lynn Jenkins Mary Cavanaugh Mrs. Sia Koroma Kelly H. Carnes Lynn Sherr Mary Church Terrell Mrs. T. J. Blankert-van Veen Kellyanne Conway Lynn Woolsey Mary D. Nichols Ms. Holmes Kersti Kaljulaid Lynne Cheney Mary E Kramer Muriel Bowser Kim Campbell M. Jodi Rell Mary E Peters Nadezhda Mihailova Kim Guadagno Mabel Vernon Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" Gore Nadine Gordimer Kim Phuc Madeleine Albright Mary Fallin Nadine Strossen Kim Reynolds Madeleine Bordallo Mary Fisher Nafis Sadik Kim Weaver Madeleine L'Engle Mary Jane Coggeshall Nan Hayworth Kimberle Williams Crenshaw Maggie Hassan Mary Jo Kilroy Nan Keohane Kirsten E Gillibrand Mairead Maguire Mary L. Azcuenaga Nancy A Dunkel Kristi Noem Malala Yousafzai Mary Landrieu Nancy Birdsall Kyrsten Sinema Marcia L Fudge Mary O'Rourke Nancy Gertner Laura Bush Marcia Pally Mary P McAleese Nancy Kassebaum Baker Laura Chinchilla Marcia S. Smith Mary Pena Nancy Lord Laura D'Andrea Tyson Marcy C Kaptur Mary Reynolds Nancy Pelosi Laura Kelly Margaret Atwood Mary Robinson Nancy Reagan Laura Richardson Margaret Chase Smith Mary Taylor Nancy Rubin Laurie Marker Margaret H Sanger Mary-Claire King Nancy W. Dickey Lea Rabin Margaret J. Geller Maryam Elahi Nancy Wyman Lenora B Fulani Margaret Spellings Marye Anne Fox Nanette Diaz Barragan Lillian Vernon Margaret Thatcher Matilda Joslyn Gage Nannie Helen Burroughs Linda A. Suydam Margaret Warner Maxine Waters Naomi Wolf Linda Chavez-Thompson Margaretha de Boer Maya Angelou Natalie Tennant Linda K Kerber Marguerite Rivera Houze Mazie K Hirono Nicole Fontaine Linda Lingle Mari Kiviniemi Megan Barry Niki Tsongas Linda McMahon Maria Cantwell Meghan McCain Nikki Haley Linda S. Fink Maria De Los Angeles Florez Melania Trump Nita M Lowey Linda Sanchez Maria Eva Peron Melinda Brown Nora Callahan Linda Sarsour Marian Wright Edelman Melissa Bean Nora Ephron Linda Tarr-Whelan Marianne Williamson Meredith Monk Norma Torres Lisa Blunt Rochester Mariannette Miller-Meeks Mia Love Nydia Velazquez Lisa Murkowski Marie Curie Michaelle Jean Olympia Jean Snowe Lisa P Jackson Marie-Andree Bertrand Michele M Bachmann Opal Tometi Lois Capps Marilyn Tucker Quayle Michele Norris Oprah Winfrey 6 Table B1 continued Pam Iorio S.E. Cupp Susan C Schwab Winona LaDuke Pamela J. Parker Sadako Ogata Susan Collins Wislawa Szymborska Patricia A. McGuire Sally Pederson Susan Davis Yulia Tymoshenko Patricia Schroeder Sally Quillian Yates Susan E Rice Yvette D Clarke Patrisse Khan-Cullors Sally Quinn Susan Eckerly Yvonne Prettner Solon Patsy Mink Sally Regenhard Susan Esserman Zoe Lofgren Patty Judge Samantha Power Susan Faludi Zuzana Caputova Patty Murray Sandy Adams Susan Golding Paula Casey Sandy Thurman Susan Hammer Paula Treckel Sarah Bain Susan Molinari Paulina W. Davis Sarah Brady Susan Narvaiz Pauline Hanson Sarah Palin Susan Ness Pearl S. Buck Sarah Parker Remond Susana Martinez Phyllis Chesler Shannon Lucid Susanne Agnelli Phyllis E. Oakley Shari Steele Suzan DelBene Phyllis Greenberger Sharon Sayles Belton Suzanne Bonamici Phyllis Schlafly Sheikh Hasina Suzanne Crouch Polly Peachum Sheila Jackson Lee Suzanne M Kosmas Pratibha D Patil Sheila Oliver Takako Doi Queen Elizabeth I Sheila Simon Tamika Mallory Queen Elizabeth II Sheila Widnall Tammy Duckworth Queen Noor of Jordan Shelley Berkley Tammy S Baldwin Queen Raina of Jordan Shelley L. Davis Tanya Metaksa Queen Victoria Shelley Moore Capito Tarana Burke Rachel Carson Shenna Bellows Tarja K Halonen Rachelle Chong Sherri W. Goodman Tempe Herndon Durham Rebecca Kleefisch Shirin Ebadi Terri Lynn Land Rebecca L Felton Shirley Chisholm Terri Sewell Rebecca Michelle "Mikie" Sherrill Shirley Franklin Thelma Catherine "Pat" Nixon Regina C. Brown Shirley M. Hufstedler Theresa May Ren Volpe Shirley M. Malcom Tina Smith Renee Chelian Sissela Bok Toni Morrison Renee Ellmers Sojourner Truth Tsai Ing-wen Rigoberta Menchu Tum Soledad O'Brien Tulsi Gabbard Rita Levi-Montalcini Somaia Barghouti Urvashi Vaid Roberta L. Gross Sonia Fuentes Usha Narayanan Roberta R. Katz Sonia Johnson Vaira Vike-Freiberga Robin Abrams Sonia Sotomayor Valdez "Val" Demings Ronda Hauben Stacey Abrams Valentina Tereshkova Rosa L. DeLauro Stacey Plaskett Valerie Solanas Rosa Parks Staci Appel Vandana Shiva Rosalyn S. Yalow Stephanie H Sandlin Vesna Pesic Rosalynn Carter Stephanie Murphy Vicky Hartzler Rosario G. Manalo Stephanie Tubbs Jones Victoria C. Woodhull Roxanne Qualls Sue Ellspermann Virginia Foxx Roza Otunbayeva Sue Minter Wanda Wilk Ruth A Minner Sue Suter Wangari Maathai Ruth Bader Ginsburg Susan Allen Wendy Davis Ruth Mandel Susan B. Anthony Wendy Long Ruth Simmons Susan Brooks Wilma Mankiller 7 Appendix C LDA-Based Topic Modelling In addition to the transformer model reported in the paper, we also calculated an LDA-based model for robustness. Specifically, we have calculated the Coherence score using our corpus for the LDA-based mCTM. Our coherence measure 𝐢! uses a sliding window principle, considering a one-set segmentation of top verbal terms as well as a validation measure based on the normalized pointwise mutual information (NPMI) and the cosine similarity. Figure C1 below shows coherence scores for the number of topics 1 to 20. It demonstrates that the optimal number of topics is 17, yielding the highest coherence score of 0.421. Figure C1 Coherence Score and Optimal Number of Topics Our analysis also shows that all 17 topics are distinct with only minor overlaps present between them as demonstrated on Figure C2. 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 C oh er en ce s co re Number of topics 8 Figure C2 Inter-topic Distance Map 9 Appendix D Table D1 Multilevel Regression Results Topic 1: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0087 0.0185 -0.47 0.64 -0.0451 0.0276 B 0.0256 0.0151 1.7 0.09 -0.0040 0.0551 H -0.0069 0.0215 -0.32 0.75 -0.0492 0.0353 W 0.0085 0.0132 0.64 0.52 -0.0174 0.0344 Constant 0.0344 0.0127 2.7 0.01 0.0094 0.0594 πˆπ’– 0.0409 πˆπ’† 0.1141 𝝆 0.1136 p 0.1129 Topic 2: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0118176 0.0178437 -0.66 0.508 -0.0468198 0.0231847 B -0.004678 0.014484 -0.32 0.747 -0.0330899 0.0237338 H -0.0136192 0.0207159 -0.66 0.511 -0.0542556 0.0270171 W 0.0122197 0.0127169 0.96 0.337 -0.0127258 0.0371652 Constant 0.0194981 0.0122629 1.59 0.112 -0.0045568 0.043553 πˆπ’– 0.0173485 πˆπ’† 0.10981818 𝝆 0.02434837 p 0.0691 Topic 3: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0174196 0.0153675 -1.13 0.257 -0.0475645 0.0127252 B -0.0094516 0.012474 -0.76 0.449 -0.0339206 0.0150174 H -0.0279376 0.0178411 -1.57 0.118 -0.0629347 0.0070594 W -0.0022418 0.0109521 -0.2 0.838 -0.0237255 0.0192419 Constant 0.0320094 0.0105611 3.03 0.002 0.0112927 0.0527261 πˆπ’– 0.02558392 πˆπ’† 0.09457814 𝝆 0.06818406 p 0.2543 Topic 4: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0152418 0.015288 1 0.319 -0.0147471 0.0452307 B -0.0002109 0.0124095 -0.02 0.986 -0.0245533 0.0241316 H -0.0050962 0.0177488 -0.29 0.774 -0.0399122 0.0297198 W 0.017188 0.0108955 1.58 0.115 -0.0041846 0.0385605 Constant 0.0217688 0.0105065 2.07 0.038 0.0011593 0.0423784 πˆπ’– 0.01844077 πˆπ’† 0.09408895 𝝆 0.03699225 p 0.049 10 Topic 5: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0057467 0.0107466 0.53 0.593 -0.0153337 0.0268272 B 0.000486 0.0087231 0.06 0.956 -0.0166253 0.0175973 H -0.0004875 0.0124764 -0.04 0.969 -0.0249611 0.0239862 W 0.0047462 0.0076589 0.62 0.536 -0.0102775 0.0197699 Constant 0.0290523 0.0073855 3.93 0 0.014565 0.0435396 πˆπ’– 0.18905594 πˆπ’† 0.06613907 𝝆 0.89095826 p 0.8658 Topic 6: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0209618 0.0127969 -1.64 0.102 -0.0460641 0.0041404 B -0.0221644 0.0103874 -2.13 0.033 -0.0425402 -0.0017885 H -0.0332112 0.0148567 -2.24 0.026 -0.062354 -0.0040684 W -0.0119146 0.0091201 -1.31 0.192 -0.0298045 0.0059754 Constant 0.038803 0.0087945 4.41 0 0.0215517 0.0560543 πˆπ’– 0.01155267 πˆπ’† 0.07875739 𝝆 0.0210638 p 0.0721 Topic 7: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0041188 0.0129274 0.32 0.75 -0.0212396 0.0294772 B 0.0152631 0.0104934 1.45 0.146 -0.0053207 0.0358469 H 0.0020082 0.0150083 0.13 0.894 -0.0274319 0.0314484 W 0.0097326 0.0092132 1.06 0.291 -0.00834 0.0278051 Constant 0.0222846 0.0088842 2.51 0.012 0.0048574 0.0397119 πˆπ’– 0.15155607 πˆπ’† 0.07956099 𝝆 0.78395477 p 0.5678 Topic 8: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0108702 0.0089213 -1.22 0.223 -0.0283703 0.0066299 B -0.0033905 0.0072416 -0.47 0.64 -0.0175956 0.0108146 H -0.0059708 0.0103573 -0.58 0.564 -0.0262878 0.0143461 W -0.0075488 0.0063581 -1.19 0.235 -0.0200208 0.0049232 Constant 0.02368 0.0061311 3.86 0 0.0116532 0.0357067 πˆπ’– 0.00741713 πˆπ’† 0.05490579 𝝆 0.01792177 p 0.6132 11 Topic 9: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0000031 0.0108916 0 1 -0.0213618 0.021368 B -0.0007285 0.0088408 -0.08 0.934 -0.0180707 0.0166137 H 0.0150483 0.0126447 1.19 0.234 -0.0097556 0.0398521 W 0.0025286 0.0077622 0.33 0.745 -0.0126978 0.017755 Constant 0.0126029 0.0074851 1.68 0.092 -0.0020799 0.0272857 πˆπ’– 0.02585957 πˆπ’† 0.06703146 𝝆 0.1295478 p 0.6981 Topic 10: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0021607 0.0094925 -0.23 0.82 -0.0207812 0.0164598 B 0.0074235 0.0077052 0.96 0.335 -0.0076911 0.022538 H 0.0005841 0.0110205 0.05 0.958 -0.0210336 0.0222018 W 0.0075998 0.0067652 1.12 0.261 -0.0056708 0.0208703 Constant 0.0138962 0.0065236 2.13 0.033 0.0010995 0.026693 πˆπ’– 0.00900854 πˆπ’† 0.05842109 𝝆 0.02322542 p 0.4977 Topic 11: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0021359 0.0117896 0.18 0.856 -0.0209906 0.0252624 B 0.0069491 0.0095698 0.73 0.468 -0.011823 0.0257212 H 0.007286 0.0136873 0.53 0.595 -0.019563 0.034135 W 0.0120188 0.0084023 1.43 0.153 -0.0044631 0.0285006 Constant 0.006579 0.0081023 0.81 0.417 -0.0093144 0.0224724 πˆπ’– 0.00996877 πˆπ’† 0.07255846 𝝆 0.01852619 p 0.4638 Topic 12: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0452459 0.0118724 3.81 0 0.0219571 0.0685348 B 0.0029508 0.009637 0.31 0.76 -0.0159531 0.0218546 H 0.0003623 0.0137834 0.03 0.979 -0.0266751 0.0273998 W -0.0035233 0.0084612 -0.42 0.677 -0.0201209 0.0130742 Constant 0.0199445 0.0081592 2.44 0.015 0.0039395 0.0359495 πˆπ’– 0.03001355 πˆπ’† 0.07306773 𝝆 0.14436787 p 0.0000 12 Topic 13: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0004617 0.0089025 0.05 0.959 -0.0170015 0.0179248 B 0.0061515 0.0072263 0.85 0.395 -0.0080236 0.0203266 H -0.0009924 0.0103355 -0.1 0.924 -0.0212665 0.0192817 W 0.0084757 0.0063447 1.34 0.182 -0.00397 0.0209214 Constant 0.0121652 0.0061182 1.99 0.047 0.0001638 0.0241665 πˆπ’– 0.00792814 πˆπ’† 0.05478995 𝝆 0.02050885 p 0.4003 Topic 14: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0061126 0.0061481 0.99 0.32 -0.0059474 0.0181727 B -0.0001556 0.0049905 -0.03 0.975 -0.0099449 0.0096338 H -0.0033688 0.0071377 -0.47 0.637 -0.0173701 0.0106326 W 0.0010863 0.0043816 0.25 0.804 -0.0075087 0.0096813 Constant 0.017968 0.0042252 4.25 0 0.0096798 0.0262561 πˆπ’– 0.01123702 πˆπ’† 0.03783802 𝝆 0.08104732 p 0.7141 Topic 15: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0190764 0.0133425 1.43 0.153 -0.0070963 0.0452491 B 0.0029007 0.0108303 0.27 0.789 -0.018344 0.0241455 H 0.0038842 0.0154902 0.25 0.802 -0.0265014 0.0342697 W 0.0125653 0.009509 1.32 0.187 -0.0060875 0.0312182 Constant 0.0122206 0.0091695 1.33 0.183 -0.0057663 0.0302075 πˆπ’– 0.03037847 πˆπ’† 0.08211576 𝝆 0.12038473 p 0.2959 Topic 16: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0016172 0.0109108 -0.15 0.882 -0.0230198 0.0197854 B 0.0020345 0.0088565 0.23 0.818 -0.0153384 0.0194073 H 0.0646801 0.0126671 5.11 0 0.0398324 0.0895278 W 0.0055443 0.007776 0.71 0.476 -0.009709 0.0207976 Constant 0.0137628 0.0074983 1.84 0.067 -0.000946 0.0284715 πˆπ’– 0.01374357 πˆπ’† 0.06714993 𝝆 0.04020556 p 0.0000 13 Topic 17: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0094048 0.0095172 0.99 0.323 -0.0092641 0.0280737 B -0.0071462 0.0077252 -0.93 0.355 -0.0223 0.0080076 H -0.0114792 0.0110491 -1.04 0.299 -0.0331531 0.0101946 W -0.0097353 0.0067827 -1.44 0.151 -0.0230403 0.0035697 Constant 0.0268582 0.0065406 4.11 0 0.0140283 0.0396882 πˆπ’– 0.00800149 πˆπ’† 0.05857285 𝝆 0.01831971 p 0.0699 Topic 18: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0032789 0.0097464 0.34 0.737 -0.0158397 0.0223976 B -0.0091749 0.0079113 -1.16 0.246 -0.0246938 0.0063439 H -0.0109939 0.0113153 -0.97 0.331 -0.03319 0.0112021 W -0.0083523 0.0069461 -1.2 0.229 -0.0219778 0.0052732 Constant 0.0264038 0.0066981 3.94 0 0.0132647 0.0395428 πˆπ’– 0.03420509 πˆπ’† 0.05998386 𝝆 0.24538078 p 0.4124 Topic 19: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0309452 0.0067927 4.56 0 0.0176206 0.0442698 B 0.010586 0.0055138 1.92 0.055 -0.0002298 0.0214017 H 0.0202071 0.0078861 2.56 0.01 0.0047377 0.0356764 W 0.003718 0.0048411 0.77 0.443 -0.0057782 0.0132143 Constant 0.014119 0.0046682 3.02 0.003 0.0049618 0.0232762 πˆπ’– 0.0137481 πˆπ’† 0.04180539 𝝆 0.09759401 p 0.0000 Topic 20: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0013649 0.0109235 0.12 0.901 -0.0200626 0.0227925 B 0.0047017 0.0088668 0.53 0.596 -0.0126913 0.0220947 H 0.0154938 0.0126818 1.22 0.222 -0.0093828 0.0403703 W 0.0115359 0.007785 1.48 0.139 -0.0037352 0.026807 Constant 0.010944 0.0075071 1.46 0.145 -0.0037818 0.0256698 πˆπ’– 0.01091031 πˆπ’† 0.06722803 𝝆 0.02566157 p 0.2854 14 Topic 21: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0012727 0.0093474 0.14 0.892 -0.0170631 0.0196085 B -0.0004741 0.0075874 -0.06 0.95 -0.0153576 0.0144093 H -0.0044569 0.010852 -0.41 0.681 -0.0257441 0.0168303 W 0.006162 0.0066617 0.92 0.355 -0.0069056 0.0192296 Constant 0.0126828 0.0064239 1.97 0.049 0.0000818 0.0252839 πˆπ’– 0.00968183 πˆπ’† 0.05752783 𝝆 0.0275441 p 0.3741 Topic 22: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0010987 0.0104856 0.1 0.917 -0.0194699 0.0216672 B 0.0175852 0.0085113 2.07 0.039 0.0008893 0.034281 H 0.0054026 0.0121734 0.44 0.657 -0.0184767 0.029282 W 0.0124156 0.0074729 1.66 0.097 -0.0022433 0.0270744 Constant 0.0075454 0.0072061 1.05 0.295 -0.0065901 0.0216809 πˆπ’– 0.02279568 πˆπ’† 0.06453309 𝝆 0.11093618 p 0.1517 Topic 23: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0060235 0.0100895 -0.6 0.551 -0.025815 0.013768 B -0.0005327 0.0081898 -0.07 0.948 -0.0165977 0.0155323 H -0.0139343 0.0117135 -1.19 0.234 -0.0369114 0.0090429 W -0.0070267 0.0071906 -0.98 0.329 -0.0211317 0.0070784 Constant 0.021967 0.0069339 3.17 0.002 0.0083655 0.0355685 πˆπ’– 0.08403821 πˆπ’† 0.06209493 𝝆 0.64684839 p 0.489 Topic 24: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0063183 0.0081099 0.78 0.436 -0.00959 0.0222267 B -0.0028008 0.0065829 -0.43 0.671 -0.0157139 0.0101123 H -0.0030539 0.0094153 -0.32 0.746 -0.0215229 0.0154152 W -0.0012486 0.0057798 -0.22 0.829 -0.0125862 0.0100891 Constant 0.0220874 0.0055734 3.96 0 0.0111545 0.0330203 πˆπ’– 0.13174798 πˆπ’† 0.04991194 𝝆 0.87449064 p 0.7566 15 Topic 25: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0060186 0.0080432 0.75 0.454 -0.0097589 0.0217961 B 0.0067111 0.0065288 1.03 0.304 -0.0060957 0.0195179 H 0.000454 0.0093378 0.05 0.961 -0.017863 0.0187711 W 0.0060902 0.0057322 1.06 0.288 -0.0051541 0.0173345 Constant 0.0144475 0.0055276 2.61 0.009 0.0036046 0.0252904 πˆπ’– 0.0889037 πˆπ’† 0.04950116 𝝆 0.76334654 p 0.7874 Topic 26: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0349834 0.009693 -3.61 0 -0.0539971 -0.0159697 B -0.0267237 0.0078679 -3.4 0.001 -0.0421575 -0.01129 H -0.0342112 0.0112532 -3.04 0.002 -0.0562854 -0.012137 W -0.0262489 0.006908 -3.8 0 -0.0397997 -0.0126982 Constant 0.047118 0.0066614 7.07 0 0.0340511 0.060185 πˆπ’– 0.01330718 πˆπ’† 0.05965473 𝝆 0.04740149 p 0.0015 Topic 27: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0120717 0.0094421 -1.28 0.201 -0.0305932 0.0064499 B -0.0182831 0.0076643 -2.39 0.017 -0.0333173 -0.003249 H -0.0255746 0.0109619 -2.33 0.02 -0.0470774 -0.0040718 W -0.0201688 0.0067292 -3 0.003 -0.0333688 -0.0069688 Constant 0.0384037 0.0064889 5.92 0 0.0256749 0.0511324 πˆπ’– 0.01343142 πˆπ’† 0.0581105 𝝆 0.05071445 p 0.0347 Topic 28: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.0395336 0.0113048 3.5 0 0.0173581 0.0617091 B 0.0137237 0.0091763 1.5 0.135 -0.0042765 0.0317239 H 0.0338795 0.0131245 2.58 0.01 0.0081345 0.0596244 W 0.0102678 0.0080568 1.27 0.203 -0.0055363 0.026072 Constant 0.0078167 0.0077691 1.01 0.315 -0.0074232 0.0230565 πˆπ’– 0.0121416 πˆπ’† 0.06957476 𝝆 0.02955423 p 0.001 16 Topic 29: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0079871 0.0119039 -0.67 0.502 -0.0313379 0.0153636 B 0.0045065 0.0096626 0.47 0.641 -0.0144477 0.0234606 H -0.014082 0.01382 -1.02 0.308 -0.0411913 0.0130273 W -0.0019397 0.0084837 -0.23 0.819 -0.0185813 0.014702 Constant 0.0223062 0.0081808 2.73 0.006 0.0062587 0.0383537 πˆπ’– 0.00911434 πˆπ’† 0.07326193 𝝆 0.01524135 p 0.4993 Topic 30: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0177227 0.010524 -1.68 0.092 -0.0383666 0.0029212 B -0.0176349 0.0085425 -2.06 0.039 -0.0343919 -0.000878 H -0.0194844 0.012218 -1.59 0.111 -0.0434512 0.0044824 W -0.0153784 0.0075003 -2.05 0.041 -0.0300909 -0.0006658 Constant 0.0307093 0.0072325 4.25 0 0.016522 0.0448966 πˆπ’– 0.00879758 πˆπ’† 0.06476945 𝝆 0.01811533 p 0.2885 Topic 31: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.000427 0.0069309 0.06 0.951 -0.0131686 0.0140226 B 0.0022947 0.0056259 0.41 0.683 -0.008741 0.0133305 H 0.0006867 0.0080465 0.09 0.932 -0.0150973 0.0164707 W 0.0062226 0.0049395 1.26 0.208 -0.0034667 0.015912 Constant 0.0111115 0.0047632 2.33 0.02 0.0017681 0.0204549 πˆπ’– 0.01312592 πˆπ’† 0.04265561 𝝆 0.08649997 p 0.3966 Topic 32: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0228052 0.0089911 -2.54 0.011 -0.0404422 -0.0051682 B -0.0237924 0.0072982 -3.26 0.001 -0.0381086 -0.0094762 H -0.0279599 0.0104384 -2.68 0.007 -0.0484358 -0.007484 W -0.0226082 0.0064078 -3.53 0 -0.0351778 -0.0100386 Constant 0.0406079 0.0061791 6.57 0 0.0284871 0.0527287 πˆπ’– 0.00881952 πˆπ’† 0.05533535 𝝆 0.02477364 p 0.0095 17 Topic 33: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0012388 0.0116715 -0.11 0.915 -0.0241336 0.021656 B 0.0347934 0.0094739 3.67 0 0.0162093 0.0533774 H 0.0016757 0.0135502 0.12 0.902 -0.0249043 0.0282558 W 0.0061841 0.0083181 0.74 0.457 -0.0101327 0.0225008 Constant 0.015009 0.0080211 1.87 0.062 -0.0007253 0.0307432 πˆπ’– 0.02609828 πˆπ’† 0.07183162 𝝆 0.11661213 p 0.0000 Topic 34: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A -0.0010396 0.0055647 -0.19 0.852 -0.0119553 0.0098762 B 0.0036688 0.004517 0.81 0.417 -0.0051916 0.0125293 H -0.0053745 0.0064604 -0.83 0.406 -0.0180473 0.0072983 W 0.0014463 0.0039659 0.36 0.715 -0.0063332 0.0092257 Constant 0.0141323 0.0038243 3.7 0 0.0066306 0.021634 πˆπ’– 0.0061823 πˆπ’† 0.03424771 𝝆 0.0315581 p 0.5348 Topic 35: Coefficient SE t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] A 0.000515 0.0075756 0.07 0.946 -0.0143452 0.0153752 B 0.0024042 0.0061492 0.39 0.696 -0.009658 0.0144665 H 0.0474069 0.0087949 5.39 0 0.0301548 0.0646591 W 0.0025999 0.005399 0.48 0.63 -0.0079907 0.0131905 Constant 0.0154413 0.0052062 2.97 0.003 0.0052288 0.0256538 πˆπ’– 0.08403941 πˆπ’† 0.04662324 𝝆 0.76465521 p 0.0000 Notes: In all regression, the number of observations was 1,599. Panel effects were measured at the level of each year and each individual within a year. 18 Appendix E Table E1 Standard Deviations in Behavioral Schemas by Group Behavioral Schema=Topic SD (B) SD(W) SD(A) SD(H) Future and nation 0.13215539 0.07096267 0.02641084 0.10643747 Environment, sustainability, energy, and water 0.03104003 0.10848524 0.0166035 0.00397762 Healthcare 0.06102255 0.08928849 0.00798762 0.02452031 Jobs, economy, and employment 0.0401674 0.08092493 0.06967997 0.02518888 Women’s rights 0.05374145 0.07853714 0.01425212 0.0066645 Budget, public policy, government, and taxes 0.04163614 0.04071339 0.01080844 0.01203942 Diversity, race, gender, and childhood opportunities 0.11984762 0.08930144 0.0172355 0.00590514 Domestic violence 0.03039594 0.05044836 0.00410313 0.05376326 Pregnancy, abortion, and women's right to choose 0.05174054 0.0728277 0.0370223 0.09550122 Life and education 0.01369916 0.02515177 0.00457503 0.02007338 Cyber security, internet technology 0.00563853 0.10507573 0.00501471 0.00523821 Refugees and humanitarian action 0.04014463 0.06421017 0.07956091 0.01631757 Higher education 0.01237452 0.05346389 0.00408097 0.02382805 War and nuclear weapons 0.0144685 0.02491957 0.01318286 0.01081873 Justice 0.01234232 0.10074098 0.02277286 0.01760659 Defense and military 0.0084749 0.03657214 0.00633999 0.09941534 Europe, integration, European Union 0.02362982 0.04941613 0.07482441 0.02352022 Peace and regional conflict 0.01755909 0.03283828 0.01987115 0.01082456 Diplomacy 0.01774451 0.0300059 0.04285244 0.04930223 Public education and children 0.00932149 0.08372629 0.0055778 0.05471441 Art and music 0.0064378 0.05171165 0.02080816 0.00742223 Cities and neighborhoods 0.10096303 0.06958476 0.00447554 0.00695796 HIV, AIDS 0.1015179 0.07790498 0.00941975 0.01122559 United Nations and human rights 0.01080196 0.07621577 0.01383377 0.00737286 Love and family 0.01335262 0.06824225 0.03076132 0.01139371 Disability 0.01363561 0.03638535 0.005183 0.00824454 Science and technology 0.03554556 0.05296937 0.07072794 0.00753775 Development and poverty 0.10189973 0.0515706 0.06597524 0.04517742 Law 0.05264908 0.06512539 0.00887556 0.00727487 Space 0.00666454 0.08078904 0.00641349 0.00854833 Mental health and self-help 0.00649349 0.05448193 0.00470758 0.00527616 Army and military service 0.00891627 0.01614034 0.01172354 0.00861587 Rights of black community 0.11102 0.06182198 0.00847849 0.01087088 Chronic debt 0.03393534 0.01716561 0.0054642 0.00707651 Labor union and workers 0.01290924 0.02480253 0.00655474 0.19945119 Notes: B- female leaders with any Black background; W – female leaders with any White background; A- female leaders with any Asian background; H – female leaders with any Hispanic/Latino background. In the paper, we concentrate on black female leaders. Results for Asian and Hispanic/Latino groups are included to demonstrate that the results are similar to those obtained for the Black background group (though sample sizes in those groups are significantly smaller as reported in the paper).