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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1002/(ISSN)2056-6646</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">GCH2</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title xml:lang="en">Global Challenges</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="en">Global Challenges</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn publication-format="ppub">2056-6646</issn>
<issn publication-format="epub">2056-6646</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/gch2.202300185</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">GCH21565</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="overline" xml:lang="en">
<subject>Review</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading" xml:lang="en">
<subject>Reviews</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A Solar to Chemical Strategy: Green Hydrogen as a Means, Not an End</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib id="gch21565-cr-0001" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Diab</surname>
<given-names>Gabriel A. A.</given-names>
</name>
<bio>
<p xml:lang="en"><bold>Gabriel Ali Atta Diab</bold> has BSc degree in chemistry from the University of Brasília (2021). Currently, he is a PhD candidate at Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), supervised by Prof. Ivo Freitas Teixeira. His research field is focused on investigating heterogeneous photocatalysts applied to energy production, particularly in hydrogen evolution, natural gas photo‐oxidation, CO<sub>2</sub> reduction, as well as other applications in organic molecule synthesis.</p>
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<alt-text>image</alt-text>
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</bio>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="gch21565-aff-0001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="gch21565-cr-0002" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>da Silva</surname>
<given-names>Marcos A. R.</given-names>
</name>
<bio>
<p xml:lang="en"><bold>Marcos A. R. da Silva</bold> received his master's degree in Inorganic Chemistry at the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Brazil in 2021. Currently, he is a PhD student at the UFSCar and a researcher fellow at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa). His research focuses on the development of metal single‐atoms coordinated at crystalline carbon nitrides for oxidation reactions, especially selective oxidation of C─H bonds, such as methane photooxidation.</p>
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<alt-text>image</alt-text>
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</bio>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="gch21565-aff-0001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="gch21565-cr-0003" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rocha</surname>
<given-names>Guilherme F. S. R.</given-names>
</name>
<bio>
<p xml:lang="en"><bold>Guilherme F. S. R. Rocha</bold> obtained his BSc in Chemistry from University of São Paulo (USP) in 2021 currently his is undegoing his master's degree under the supervision of Prof. Ivo at the University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar) and it is expected to finish by 2024. His research interests include synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts with a focus with photocatalytic applications for chemical synthesis and energy conversion.</p>
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<alt-text>image</alt-text>
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</bio>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="gch21565-aff-0001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="gch21565-cr-0004" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Noleto</surname>
<given-names>Luis F. G.</given-names>
</name>
<bio>
<p xml:lang="en"><bold>Luis Fernando Guimarães Noleto</bold> majored in Chemistry at Universidade Estadual e Federal do Piauí (UESPI/UFPI, Brazil), where he investigated the photocatalytic properties of silver phosphate (Ag<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>). He is currently studying for a doctorate with Prof. Ivo F. Teixeira, focusing on the development of catalysts based on crystalline carbon nitride and single‐atoms, applied in photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, as well as in the selective hydrogenation of organic compounds.</p>
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<alt-text>image</alt-text>
</graphic>
</bio>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="gch21565-aff-0001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="gch21565-cr-0005" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rogolino</surname>
<given-names>Andrea</given-names>
</name>
<bio>
<p xml:lang="en"><bold>Andrea Rogolino</bold> received his BSc (2020) and MSc (2022) in Chemistry from the University of Padova, Italy, where he was a fellow student at the Galilean School of Higher Education. In 2021, he was a visiting student at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam, Germany. He is currently a PhD candidate in the Reisner Lab at the University of Cambridge. He nurtures a strong passion for every field of Chemistry since his participation in the International Chemistry Olympiads in 2016 and 2017. His actual research interests are photo(electro)chemical devices for solar fuel production.</p>
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<alt-text>image</alt-text>
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</bio>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="gch21565-aff-0002">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="gch21565-cr-0006" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>de Mesquita</surname>
<given-names>João P.</given-names>
</name>
<bio>
<p xml:lang="en"><bold>João Paulo de Mesquita</bold> received his PhD in Inorganic Chemistry from the University of Minas Gerais (UFMG, 2012). He carried out two postdoctoral research at the UFMG (2013), and the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR, 2023). He is currently an Associate Professor at the Federal University of Vales Jequitinhonha and Mucuri where he coordinates the research group on Technologies in Hybrid, Porous and Polymeric Materials. During the last 10 years he has supervised several master and PhD candidates, published articles related to different materials and applications. His research is mainly associated with Chemistry of Interfaces of graphene based materials and g‐C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> for different applications.</p>
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<alt-text>image</alt-text>
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</bio>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="gch21565-aff-0001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="gch21565-aff-0003">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="gch21565-cr-0007" contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<name>
<surname>Jiménez‐Calvo</surname>
<given-names>Pablo</given-names>
</name>
<bio>
<p xml:lang="en"><bold>Pablo Jiménez Calvo</bold> is an MSCA Post‐doctoral fellow and lecturer at Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Germany. He received his PhD in Materials Chemistry and Physics from the University of Strasbourg in 2019, and conducted postdoctoral research at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (Prof. Antonietti, 2022), and the University of Paris‐Saclay (Dr. Paineau, 2020). He develops energy interfaces for solar‐driven photoelectrocatalysis: carbon nitrides, heterojunctions, and metals. He published 15 articles, 1 book chapter, and 37 presentations. He was finalist for the Rising Star of Materials Today Catalysis (2023) and the European Young Chemist's award of the EuChemS (2020).</p>
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<alt-text>image</alt-text>
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<email>pablo.jimenez.calvo@mpikg.mpg.de</email>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="correspondenceTo">*</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="gch21565-aff-0004">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="gch21565-aff-0005">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="gch21565-cr-0008" contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<name>
<surname>Teixeira</surname>
<given-names>Ivo F.</given-names>
</name>
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4356-061X</contrib-id>
<bio>
<p xml:lang="en"><bold>Ivo F. Teixeira</bold> received his BS in 2012 and his MSc in 2013 from the Federal University of Minas Gerais. He received his PhD from the University of Oxford in 2017. Between 2020 and 2022, Ivo was a Humboldt Fellow at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (Potsdam, Germany). He became Assistant Professor at the Federal University of São Carlos (Brazil) in 2019, since then Ivo and 12 students under his supervision have fun every day doing science. His research group is focused on catalysis, especially heterogeneous catalysis, single‐atom catalysis, energy conversion and nanomaterials.</p>
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<alt-text>image</alt-text>
</graphic>
</bio>
<email>ivo@ufscar.br</email>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="correspondenceTo">*</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="gch21565-aff-0001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="gch21565-aff-0001">
<label>
<sup>1</sup>
</label>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department of Chemistry</named-content>

<institution>Federal University of São Carlos</institution>

<named-content content-type="street">Rod. Washington Luís km 235 – SP</named-content>
 <city>São Carlos</city>
 <named-content content-type="country-part">SP</named-content>
 <postal-code>13565‐905</postal-code>
 <country country="BR">Brazil</country>

</aff>
<aff id="gch21565-aff-0002">
<label>
<sup>2</sup>
</label>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Cavendish Laboratory</named-content>

<institution>University of Cambridge</institution>

<city>Cambridge</city>
 <postal-code>CB3 0HE</postal-code>
 <country country="GB">UK</country>

</aff>
<aff id="gch21565-aff-0003">
<label>
<sup>3</sup>
</label>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Departamento de Química</named-content>

<institution>Universidade Federal dos Vales Jequitinhonha e Mucuri</institution>

<named-content content-type="street">Rodovia MGT 367 – Km 583, n° 5000, Alto da Jacuba</named-content>
 <city>Diamantina</city>
 <named-content content-type="country-part">MG</named-content>
 <postal-code>39100</postal-code>
 <country country="BR">Brazil</country>

</aff>
<aff id="gch21565-aff-0004">
<label>
<sup>4</sup>
</label>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department for Materials Sciences</named-content>

<institution>Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg</institution>

<named-content content-type="street">Martensstrasse 7</named-content>
 <postal-code>D‐91058</postal-code>
 <city>Erlangen</city>
 <country country="DE">Germany</country>

</aff>
<aff id="gch21565-aff-0005">
<label>
<sup>5</sup>
</label>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Chemistry of Thin Film Materials</named-content>

<institution>Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg</institution>

<named-content content-type="street">IZNF, Cauerstraße 3</named-content>
 <postal-code>D‐91058</postal-code>
 <city>Erlangen</city>
 <country country="DE">Germany</country>

</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="correspondenceTo"><label>*</label>E‐mail: <email>pablo.jimenez.calvo@mpikg.mpg.de</email>; <email>ivo@ufscar.br</email><break/></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date><elocation-id>2300185</elocation-id>
<history>

<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>24</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>

<date date-type="received">
<day>25</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>

</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement content-type="issue-copyright">© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH</copyright-statement>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2023 The Authors. Global Challenges published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>© 2023 The Authors. Global Challenges published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH</copyright-holder>
<license>
<ali:license_ref>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution</ext-link> License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="en" abstract-type="main">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p xml:lang="en">Green hydrogen is the key to the chemical industry achieving net zero emissions. The chemical industry is responsible for almost 2% of all CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, with half of it coming from the production of simple commodity chemicals, such as NH<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, methanol, and aniline. Despite electrolysis driven by renewable power sources emerging as the most promising way to supply all the green hydrogen required in the production chain of these chemicals, in this review, it is worth noting that the photocatalytic route may be underestimated and can hold a bright future for this topic. In fact, the production of H<sub>2</sub> by photocatalysis still faces important challenges in terms of activity, engineering, and economic feasibility. However, photocatalytic systems can be tailored to directly convert sunlight and water (or other renewable proton sources) directly into chemicals, enabling a solar‐to‐chemical strategy. Here, a series of recent examples are presented, demonstrating that photocatalysis can be successfully employed to produce the most important commodity chemicals, especially on NH<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and chemicals produced by reduction reactions. The replacement of fossil‐derived H<sub>2</sub> in the synthesis of these chemicals can be disruptive, essentially safeguarding the transition of the chemical industry to a low‐carbon economy.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="en">
<kwd id="gch21565-kwd-0001">chemical feedstock</kwd>
<kwd id="gch21565-kwd-0002">green hydrogen</kwd>
<kwd id="gch21565-kwd-0003">photocatalysis</kwd>
<kwd id="gch21565-kwd-0004">solar energy</kwd>
<kwd id="gch21565-kwd-0005">sustainability</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="funding-0001">
<funding-source>

<institution-wrap>
<institution>Max Planck Society</institution>
<institution-id>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004189</institution-id>
</institution-wrap>

</funding-source>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="funding-0002">
<funding-source>

<institution-wrap>
<institution>H2020 Marie Skłodowska‐Curie Actions</institution>
<institution-id>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010665</institution-id>
</institution-wrap>

</funding-source>
<award-id>101068996</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="funding-0003">
<funding-source>

<institution-wrap>
<institution>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</institution>
<institution-id>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593</institution-id>
</institution-wrap>

</funding-source>
<award-id>423196/2018</award-id>
<award-id>403064/2021</award-id>
<award-id>405752/2022</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="funding-0004">
<funding-source>

<institution-wrap>
<institution>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</institution>
<institution-id>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001807</institution-id>
</institution-wrap>

</funding-source>
<award-id>2020/14741</award-id>
<award-id>2021/13271</award-id>
<award-id>2022/16273</award-id>
<award-id>2021/12394</award-id>
<award-id>2022/14652</award-id>
<award-id>2021/13915</award-id>
<award-id>2021/11162</award-id>
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<fig-count count="24"/>
<table-count count="4"/>
<page-count count="25"/>
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</front>
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