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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-3040</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PCE</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title xml:lang="en">Plant, Cell &amp; Environment</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="en">Plant Cell Environ</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn publication-format="ppub">0140-7791</issn>
<issn publication-format="epub">1365-3040</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Chichester, UK</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/pce.14168</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PCE14168</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="overline" xml:lang="en">
<subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading" xml:lang="en">
<subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The effect of canopy architecture on the patterning of “windflecks” within a wheat canopy</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="right-running-head">Canopy architecture and windflecks in wheat</alt-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="left-running-head">Burgess et al.</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib id="pce14168-cr-0001" contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<name>
<surname>Burgess</surname>
<given-names>Alexandra J.</given-names>
</name>
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1621-6821</contrib-id>
<email>alexandra.burgess@nottingham.ac.uk</email>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="correspondenceTo">*</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="pce14168-aff-0001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="pce14168-cr-0002" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Durand</surname>
<given-names>Maxime</given-names>
</name>
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8991-3601</contrib-id>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="pce14168-aff-0002">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="pce14168-cr-0003" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gibbs</surname>
<given-names>Jonathon A.</given-names>
</name>
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2772-2201</contrib-id>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="pce14168-aff-0003">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="pce14168-cr-0004" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Retkute</surname>
<given-names>Renata</given-names>
</name>
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3877-6440</contrib-id>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="pce14168-aff-0004">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="pce14168-cr-0005" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Robson</surname>
<given-names>T. Matthew</given-names>
</name>
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8631-796X</contrib-id>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="pce14168-aff-0002">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="pce14168-cr-0006" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Murchie</surname>
<given-names>Erik H.</given-names>
</name>
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-845X</contrib-id>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="pce14168-aff-0005">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="pce14168-aff-0001">
<label>
<sup>1</sup>
</label>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Division of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences</named-content>

<institution>University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus</institution>

<city>Leicestershire</city>
 <country country="GB">UK</country>

</aff>
<aff id="pce14168-aff-0002">
<label>
<sup>2</sup>
</label>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences</named-content>

<institution>Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki</institution>

<city>Helsinki</city>
 <country country="FI">Finland</country>

</aff>
<aff id="pce14168-aff-0003">
<label>
<sup>3</sup>
</label>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Computer Vision Lab, School of Computer Science</named-content>

<institution>University of Nottingham Jubilee Campus</institution>

<city>Nottingham</city>
 <country country="GB">UK</country>

</aff>
<aff id="pce14168-aff-0004">
<label>
<sup>4</sup>
</label>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department of Plant Sciences</named-content>

<institution>University of Cambridge</institution>

<city>Cambridge</city>
 <country country="GB">UK</country>

</aff>
<aff id="pce14168-aff-0005">
<label>
<sup>5</sup>
</label>

<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences</named-content>

<institution>University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus</institution>

<city>Leicestershire</city>
 <country country="GB">UK</country>

</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="correspondenceTo"><label>*</label>

<bold>Correspondence</bold><break/>
Alexandra J. Burgess, Division of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.<break/>
Email: <email>alexandra.burgess@nottingham.ac.uk</email>
<break/>

</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date><fpage/><lpage/><history>

<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>14</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>

<date date-type="received">
<day>14</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>

<date date-type="accepted">
<day>16</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>

</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement content-type="issue-copyright">© 2021 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2021 The Authors. <italic>Plant, Cell &amp; Environment</italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>© 2021 The Authors. Plant, Cell &amp; Environment published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.</copyright-holder>
<license>
<ali:license_ref>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution</ext-link> License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="en" abstract-type="main">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p xml:lang="en">Under field conditions, plants are subject to wind‐induced movement which creates fluctuations of light intensity and spectral quality reaching the leaves, defined here as windflecks. Within this study, irradiance within two contrasting wheat (<italic toggle="no">Triticum aestivum</italic>) canopies during full sun conditions was measured using a spectroradiometer to determine the frequency, duration and magnitude of low‐ to high‐light events plus the spectral composition during wind‐induced movement. Similarly, a static canopy was modelled using three‐dimensional reconstruction and ray tracing to determine fleck characteristics without the presence of wind. Corresponding architectural traits were measured manually and in silico including plant height, leaf area and angle plus biomechanical properties. Light intensity can differ up to 40% during a windfleck, with changes occurring on a sub‐second scale compared to ~5 min in canopies not subject to wind. Features such as a shorter height, more erect leaf stature and having an open structure led to an increased frequency and reduced time interval of light flecks in the CMH79A canopy compared to Paragon. This finding illustrates the potential for architectural traits to be selected to improve the canopy light environment and provides the foundation to further explore the links between plant form and function in crop canopies.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract xml:lang="en" abstract-type="short">
<p xml:lang="en">High‐resolution analysis indicates sub‐second changes in solar spectral irradiance in wheat (<italic toggle="no">Triticum aestivum</italic>) canopies subject to wind‐induced movement. Such changes can be linked to architectural traits with potential consequences for photosynthetic productivity.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="en">
<kwd id="pce14168-kwd-0001">light intensity</kwd>
<kwd id="pce14168-kwd-0002">photosynthesis</kwd>
<kwd id="pce14168-kwd-0003">spectral quality</kwd>
<kwd id="pce14168-kwd-0004">wheat (<italic toggle="no">Triticum aestivum</italic>)</kwd>
<kwd id="pce14168-kwd-0005">wind‐induced movement</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="funding-0001">
<funding-source>

<institution-wrap>
<institution>Academy of Finland</institution>
<institution-id>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002341</institution-id>
</institution-wrap>

</funding-source>
<award-id>324555</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="funding-0002">
<funding-source>

<institution-wrap>
<institution>Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council</institution>
<institution-id>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000268</institution-id>
</institution-wrap>

</funding-source>
<award-id>BB/R004633/1</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="funding-0003">
<funding-source>

<institution-wrap>
<institution>Leverhulme Trust</institution>
<institution-id>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000275</institution-id>
</institution-wrap>

</funding-source>
<award-id>ECF‐2020‐224</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="1"/>
<page-count count="14"/>
<word-count count="12475"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
</article>